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Retreinando um classificador de imagens

Ver no TensorFlow.org

Executar no Google Colab

Ver no GitHub

Baixar caderno

Veja os modelos TF Hub

Introdução

Os modelos de classificação de imagens têm milhões de parâmetros. Treiná-los do zero requer muitos dados de treinamento rotulados e muito poder de computação. A aprendizagem por transferência é uma técnica que reduz muito disso, pegando uma parte de um modelo que já foi treinado em uma tarefa relacionada e reutilizando-o em um novo modelo.

Este Colab demonstra como construir um modelo Keras para classificar cinco espécies de flores usando um TF2 SavedModel pré-treinado do TensorFlow Hub para extração de recursos de imagem, treinado no conjunto de dados ImageNet muito maior e mais geral. Opcionalmente, o extrator de recursos pode ser treinado ("ajustado") junto com o classificador recém-adicionado.

Procurando uma ferramenta?

Este é um tutorial de codificação do TensorFlow. Se você quer uma ferramenta que só constrói o modelo TensorFlow ou TFLite para, dê uma olhada no make_image_classifier ferramenta de linha de comando que fica instalado pelo pacote PIP tensorflow-hub[make_image_classifier] , ou pelo presente colab TFLite.

Configurar

import itertools
import os

import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import numpy as np

import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_hub as hub

print("TF version:", tf.__version__)
print("Hub version:", hub.__version__)
print("GPU is", "available" if tf.config.list_physical_devices('GPU') else "NOT AVAILABLE")

TF version: 2.7.0
Hub version: 0.12.0
GPU is available

Selecione o módulo TF2 SavedModel para usar

Para começar, use https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_100_224/feature_vector/4 . A mesma URL pode ser usada no código para identificar o SavedModel e em seu navegador para mostrar sua documentação. (Observe que os modelos no formato TF1 Hub não funcionam aqui.)

Você pode encontrar mais modelos TF2 que geram a imagem de vetores de características aqui .

Existem vários modelos possíveis para experimentar. Tudo o que você precisa fazer é selecionar um diferente na célula abaixo e acompanhar com o notebook.

model_name = "efficientnetv2-xl-21k" # @param ['efficientnetv2-s', 'efficientnetv2-m', 'efficientnetv2-l', 'efficientnetv2-s-21k', 'efficientnetv2-m-21k', 'efficientnetv2-l-21k', 'efficientnetv2-xl-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b0-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b1-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b2-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b3-21k', 'efficientnetv2-s-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-m-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-l-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-xl-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b0-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b1-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b2-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b3-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b0', 'efficientnetv2-b1', 'efficientnetv2-b2', 'efficientnetv2-b3', 'efficientnet_b0', 'efficientnet_b1', 'efficientnet_b2', 'efficientnet_b3', 'efficientnet_b4', 'efficientnet_b5', 'efficientnet_b6', 'efficientnet_b7', 'bit_s-r50x1', 'inception_v3', 'inception_resnet_v2', 'resnet_v1_50', 'resnet_v1_101', 'resnet_v1_152', 'resnet_v2_50', 'resnet_v2_101', 'resnet_v2_152', 'nasnet_large', 'nasnet_mobile', 'pnasnet_large', 'mobilenet_v2_100_224', 'mobilenet_v2_130_224', 'mobilenet_v2_140_224', 'mobilenet_v3_small_100_224', 'mobilenet_v3_small_075_224', 'mobilenet_v3_large_100_224', 'mobilenet_v3_large_075_224']

model_handle_map = {
  "efficientnetv2-s": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_s/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-m": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_m/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-l": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_l/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_s/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_m/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_l/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_xl/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b0/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b1/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b2/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b3/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_s/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_m/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_l/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_xl/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b0/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b1/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b2/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b3/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b0": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b0/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b1": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b1/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b2": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b2/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b3": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b3/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnet_b0": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b0/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b1": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b1/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b2": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b2/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b3": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b3/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b4": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b4/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b5": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b5/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b6": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b6/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b7": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b7/feature-vector/1",
  "bit_s-r50x1": "https://tfhub.dev/google/bit/s-r50x1/1",
  "inception_v3": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/inception_v3/feature-vector/4",
  "inception_resnet_v2": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/inception_resnet_v2/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v1_50": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v1_50/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v1_101": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v1_101/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v1_152": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v1_152/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v2_50": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v2_50/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v2_101": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v2_101/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v2_152": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v2_152/feature-vector/4",
  "nasnet_large": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/nasnet_large/feature_vector/4",
  "nasnet_mobile": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/nasnet_mobile/feature_vector/4",
  "pnasnet_large": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/pnasnet_large/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v2_100_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_100_224/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v2_130_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_130_224/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v2_140_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_140_224/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v3_small_100_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_small_100_224/feature_vector/5",
  "mobilenet_v3_small_075_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_small_075_224/feature_vector/5",
  "mobilenet_v3_large_100_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_large_100_224/feature_vector/5",
  "mobilenet_v3_large_075_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_large_075_224/feature_vector/5",
}

model_image_size_map = {
  "efficientnetv2-s": 384,
  "efficientnetv2-m": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-l": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-b0": 224,
  "efficientnetv2-b1": 240,
  "efficientnetv2-b2": 260,
  "efficientnetv2-b3": 300,
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k": 384,
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k": 512,
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k": 224,
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k": 240,
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k": 260,
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k": 300,
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k-ft1k": 384,
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k-ft1k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k-ft1k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k-ft1k": 512,
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k-ft1k": 224,
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k-ft1k": 240,
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k-ft1k": 260,
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k-ft1k": 300, 
  "efficientnet_b0": 224,
  "efficientnet_b1": 240,
  "efficientnet_b2": 260,
  "efficientnet_b3": 300,
  "efficientnet_b4": 380,
  "efficientnet_b5": 456,
  "efficientnet_b6": 528,
  "efficientnet_b7": 600,
  "inception_v3": 299,
  "inception_resnet_v2": 299,
  "nasnet_large": 331,
  "pnasnet_large": 331,
}

model_handle = model_handle_map.get(model_name)
pixels = model_image_size_map.get(model_name, 224)

print(f"Selected model: {model_name} : {model_handle}")

IMAGE_SIZE = (pixels, pixels)
print(f"Input size {IMAGE_SIZE}")

BATCH_SIZE = 16

Selected model: efficientnetv2-xl-21k : https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_xl/feature_vector/2
Input size (512, 512)

Configure o conjunto de dados do Flowers

As entradas são redimensionadas adequadamente para o módulo selecionado. O aumento do conjunto de dados (ou seja, distorções aleatórias de uma imagem cada vez que ela é lida) melhora o treinamento, esp. durante o ajuste fino.

data_dir = tf.keras.utils.get_file(
    'flower_photos',
    'https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz',
    untar=True)

Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz
228818944/228813984 [==============================] - 1s 0us/step
228827136/228813984 [==============================] - 1s 0us/step

def build_dataset(subset):
  return tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
      data_dir,
      validation_split=.20,
      subset=subset,
      label_mode="categorical",
      # Seed needs to provided when using validation_split and shuffle = True.
      # A fixed seed is used so that the validation set is stable across runs.
      seed=123,
      image_size=IMAGE_SIZE,
      batch_size=1)

train_ds = build_dataset("training")
class_names = tuple(train_ds.class_names)
train_size = train_ds.cardinality().numpy()
train_ds = train_ds.unbatch().batch(BATCH_SIZE)
train_ds = train_ds.repeat()

normalization_layer = tf.keras.layers.Rescaling(1. / 255)
preprocessing_model = tf.keras.Sequential([normalization_layer])
do_data_augmentation = False
if do_data_augmentation:
  preprocessing_model.add(
      tf.keras.layers.RandomRotation(40))
  preprocessing_model.add(
      tf.keras.layers.RandomTranslation(0, 0.2))
  preprocessing_model.add(
      tf.keras.layers.RandomTranslation(0.2, 0))
  # Like the old tf.keras.preprocessing.image.ImageDataGenerator(),
  # image sizes are fixed when reading, and then a random zoom is applied.
  # If all training inputs are larger than image_size, one could also use
  # RandomCrop with a batch size of 1 and rebatch later.
  preprocessing_model.add(
      tf.keras.layers.RandomZoom(0.2, 0.2))
  preprocessing_model.add(
      tf.keras.layers.RandomFlip(mode="horizontal"))
train_ds = train_ds.map(lambda images, labels:
                        (preprocessing_model(images), labels))

val_ds = build_dataset("validation")
valid_size = val_ds.cardinality().numpy()
val_ds = val_ds.unbatch().batch(BATCH_SIZE)
val_ds = val_ds.map(lambda images, labels:
                    (normalization_layer(images), labels))

Found 3670 files belonging to 5 classes.
Using 2936 files for training.
Found 3670 files belonging to 5 classes.
Using 734 files for validation.

Definindo o modelo

Tudo o que precisamos é colocar um classificador linear no topo do feature_extractor_layer com o módulo de Hub.

Para a velocidade, começamos com um não-treinável feature_extractor_layer , mas você também pode ativar o ajuste fino para maior precisão.

do_fine_tuning = False

print("Building model with", model_handle)
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
    # Explicitly define the input shape so the model can be properly
    # loaded by the TFLiteConverter
    tf.keras.layers.InputLayer(input_shape=IMAGE_SIZE + (3,)),
    hub.KerasLayer(model_handle, trainable=do_fine_tuning),
    tf.keras.layers.Dropout(rate=0.2),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(len(class_names),
                          kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001))
])
model.build((None,)+IMAGE_SIZE+(3,))
model.summary()

Building model with https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_xl/feature_vector/2
Model: "sequential_1"
_________________________________________________________________
 Layer (type)                Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
 keras_layer (KerasLayer)    (None, 1280)              207615832 
                                                                 
 dropout (Dropout)           (None, 1280)              0         
                                                                 
 dense (Dense)               (None, 5)                 6405      
                                                                 
=================================================================
Total params: 207,622,237
Trainable params: 6,405
Non-trainable params: 207,615,832
_________________________________________________________________

Treinando o modelo

model.compile(
  optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.005, momentum=0.9), 
  loss=tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True, label_smoothing=0.1),
  metrics=['accuracy'])

steps_per_epoch = train_size // BATCH_SIZE
validation_steps = valid_size // BATCH_SIZE
hist = model.fit(
    train_ds,
    epochs=5, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch,
    validation_data=val_ds,
    validation_steps=validation_steps).history

Epoch 1/5
183/183 [==============================] - 133s 543ms/step - loss: 0.9221 - accuracy: 0.8996 - val_loss: 0.6271 - val_accuracy: 0.9597
Epoch 2/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 514ms/step - loss: 0.6072 - accuracy: 0.9521 - val_loss: 0.5990 - val_accuracy: 0.9528
Epoch 3/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 513ms/step - loss: 0.5590 - accuracy: 0.9671 - val_loss: 0.5362 - val_accuracy: 0.9722
Epoch 4/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 514ms/step - loss: 0.5532 - accuracy: 0.9726 - val_loss: 0.5780 - val_accuracy: 0.9639
Epoch 5/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 513ms/step - loss: 0.5618 - accuracy: 0.9699 - val_loss: 0.5468 - val_accuracy: 0.9556

plt.figure()
plt.ylabel("Loss (training and validation)")
plt.xlabel("Training Steps")
plt.ylim([0,2])
plt.plot(hist["loss"])
plt.plot(hist["val_loss"])

plt.figure()
plt.ylabel("Accuracy (training and validation)")
plt.xlabel("Training Steps")
plt.ylim([0,1])
plt.plot(hist["accuracy"])
plt.plot(hist["val_accuracy"])

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f607ad6ad90>]

png

Experimente o modelo em uma imagem dos dados de validação:

x, y = next(iter(val_ds))
image = x[0, :, :, :]
true_index = np.argmax(y[0])
plt.imshow(image)
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

# Expand the validation image to (1, 224, 224, 3) before predicting the label
prediction_scores = model.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0))
predicted_index = np.argmax(prediction_scores)
print("True label: " + class_names[true_index])
print("Predicted label: " + class_names[predicted_index])

png

True label: sunflowers
Predicted label: sunflowers

Finalmente, o modelo treinado pode ser salvo para implantação no TF Serving ou TFLite (no celular) da seguinte forma.

saved_model_path = f"/tmp/saved_flowers_model_{model_name}"
tf.saved_model.save(model, saved_model_path)

2021-11-05 13:09:44.225508: W tensorflow/python/util/util.cc:368] Sets are not currently considered sequences, but this may change in the future, so consider avoiding using them.
WARNING:absl:Found untraced functions such as restored_function_body, restored_function_body, restored_function_body, restored_function_body, restored_function_body while saving (showing 5 of 3985). These functions will not be directly callable after loading.
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: /tmp/saved_flowers_model_efficientnetv2-xl-21k/assets
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: /tmp/saved_flowers_model_efficientnetv2-xl-21k/assets

Opcional: implantação no TensorFlow Lite

TensorFlow Lite permite implantar modelos TensorFlow para dispositivos móveis e da Internet das coisas. O código a seguir mostra como converter o modelo treinado para TFLite e aplicar ferramentas de pós-treinamento do TensorFlow modelo de otimização Toolkit . Finalmente, ele o executa no intérprete TFLite para examinar a qualidade resultante

A conversão sem otimização fornece os mesmos resultados de antes (até erro de arredondamento).
A conversão com otimização sem quaisquer dados quantiza os pesos do modelo em 8 bits, mas a inferência ainda usa computação de ponto flutuante para as ativações da rede neural. Isso reduz o tamanho do modelo quase por um fator de 4 e melhora a latência da CPU em dispositivos móveis.
Além disso, o cálculo das ativações da rede neural pode ser quantizado para números inteiros de 8 bits também se um pequeno conjunto de dados de referência for fornecido para calibrar a faixa de quantização. Em um dispositivo móvel, isso acelera ainda mais a inferência e possibilita a execução em aceleradores como o Edge TPU.

Configurações de otimização

optimize_lite_model = False 
num_calibration_examples = 60 
representative_dataset = None
if optimize_lite_model and num_calibration_examples:
  # Use a bounded number of training examples without labels for calibration.
  # TFLiteConverter expects a list of input tensors, each with batch size 1.
  representative_dataset = lambda: itertools.islice(
      ([image[None, ...]] for batch, _ in train_ds for image in batch),
      num_calibration_examples)

converter = tf.lite.TFLiteConverter.from_saved_model(saved_model_path)
if optimize_lite_model:
  converter.optimizations = [tf.lite.Optimize.DEFAULT]
  if representative_dataset:  # This is optional, see above.
    converter.representative_dataset = representative_dataset
lite_model_content = converter.convert()

with open(f"/tmp/lite_flowers_model_{model_name}.tflite", "wb") as f:
  f.write(lite_model_content)
print("Wrote %sTFLite model of %d bytes." %
      ("optimized " if optimize_lite_model else "", len(lite_model_content)))

2021-11-05 13:10:59.372672: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:363] Ignored output_format.
2021-11-05 13:10:59.372728: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:366] Ignored drop_control_dependency.
2021-11-05 13:10:59.372736: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:372] Ignored change_concat_input_ranges.
WARNING:absl:Buffer deduplication procedure will be skipped when flatbuffer library is not properly loaded
Wrote TFLite model of 826236388 bytes.

interpreter = tf.lite.Interpreter(model_content=lite_model_content)
# This little helper wraps the TFLite Interpreter as a numpy-to-numpy function.
def lite_model(images):
  interpreter.allocate_tensors()
  interpreter.set_tensor(interpreter.get_input_details()[0]['index'], images)
  interpreter.invoke()
  return interpreter.get_tensor(interpreter.get_output_details()[0]['index'])

num_eval_examples = 50 
eval_dataset = ((image, label)  # TFLite expects batch size 1.
                for batch in train_ds
                for (image, label) in zip(*batch))
count = 0
count_lite_tf_agree = 0
count_lite_correct = 0
for image, label in eval_dataset:
  probs_lite = lite_model(image[None, ...])[0]
  probs_tf = model(image[None, ...]).numpy()[0]
  y_lite = np.argmax(probs_lite)
  y_tf = np.argmax(probs_tf)
  y_true = np.argmax(label)
  count +=1
  if y_lite == y_tf: count_lite_tf_agree += 1
  if y_lite == y_true: count_lite_correct += 1
  if count >= num_eval_examples: break
print("TFLite model agrees with original model on %d of %d examples (%g%%)." %
      (count_lite_tf_agree, count, 100.0 * count_lite_tf_agree / count))
print("TFLite model is accurate on %d of %d examples (%g%%)." %
      (count_lite_correct, count, 100.0 * count_lite_correct / count))

TFLite model agrees with original model on 50 of 50 examples (100%).
TFLite model is accurate on 50 of 50 examples (100%).