TensorFlow provides several operations that you can use to add clipping functions to your graph. You can use these functions to perform general data clipping, but they're particularly useful for handling exploding or vanishing gradients.

### tf.clip_by_value(t, clip_value_min, clip_value_max, name=None)

Clips tensor values to a specified min and max.

Given a tensor t, this operation returns a tensor of the same type and shape as t with its values clipped to clip_value_min and clip_value_max. Any values less than clip_value_min are set to clip_value_min. Any values greater than clip_value_max are set to clip_value_max.

##### Args:
• t: A Tensor.
• clip_value_min: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor. The minimum value to clip by.
• clip_value_max: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor. The maximum value to clip by.
• name: A name for the operation (optional).
##### Returns:

A clipped Tensor.

### tf.clip_by_norm(t, clip_norm, axes=None, name=None)

Clips tensor values to a maximum L2-norm.

Given a tensor t, and a maximum clip value clip_norm, this operation normalizes t so that its L2-norm is less than or equal to clip_norm, along the dimensions given in axes. Specifically, in the default case where all dimensions are used for calculation, if the L2-norm of t is already less than or equal to clip_norm, then t is not modified. If the L2-norm is greater than clip_norm, then this operation returns a tensor of the same type and shape as t with its values set to:

t * clip_norm / l2norm(t)

In this case, the L2-norm of the output tensor is clip_norm.

As another example, if t is a matrix and axes == [1], then each row of the output will have L2-norm equal to clip_norm. If axes == [0] instead, each column of the output will be clipped.

This operation is typically used to clip gradients before applying them with an optimizer.

##### Args:
• t: A Tensor.
• clip_norm: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor > 0. A maximum clipping value.
• axes: A 1-D (vector) Tensor of type int32 containing the dimensions to use for computing the L2-norm. If None (the default), uses all dimensions.
• name: A name for the operation (optional).
##### Returns:

A clipped Tensor.

### tf.clip_by_average_norm(t, clip_norm, name=None)

Clips tensor values to a maximum average L2-norm.

Given a tensor t, and a maximum clip value clip_norm, this operation normalizes t so that its average L2-norm is less than or equal to clip_norm. Specifically, if the average L2-norm is already less than or equal to clip_norm, then t is not modified. If the average L2-norm is greater than clip_norm, then this operation returns a tensor of the same type and shape as t with its values set to:

t * clip_norm / l2norm_avg(t)

In this case, the average L2-norm of the output tensor is clip_norm.

This operation is typically used to clip gradients before applying them with an optimizer.

##### Args:
• t: A Tensor.
• clip_norm: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor > 0. A maximum clipping value.
• name: A name for the operation (optional).
##### Returns:

A clipped Tensor.

### tf.clip_by_global_norm(t_list, clip_norm, use_norm=None, name=None)

Clips values of multiple tensors by the ratio of the sum of their norms.

Given a tuple or list of tensors t_list, and a clipping ratio clip_norm, this operation returns a list of clipped tensors list_clipped and the global norm (global_norm) of all tensors in t_list. Optionally, if you've already computed the global norm for t_list, you can specify the global norm with use_norm.

To perform the clipping, the values t_list[i] are set to:

t_list[i] * clip_norm / max(global_norm, clip_norm)


where:

global_norm = sqrt(sum([l2norm(t)**2 for t in t_list]))


If clip_norm > global_norm then the entries in t_list remain as they are, otherwise they're all shrunk by the global ratio.

Any of the entries of t_list that are of type None are ignored.

This is the correct way to perform gradient clipping (for example, see Pascanu et al., 2012 (pdf)).

However, it is slower than clip_by_norm() because all the parameters must be ready before the clipping operation can be performed.

##### Args:
• t_list: A tuple or list of mixed Tensors, IndexedSlices, or None.
• clip_norm: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor > 0. The clipping ratio.
• use_norm: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor of type float (optional). The global norm to use. If not provided, global_norm() is used to compute the norm.
• name: A name for the operation (optional).
##### Returns:
• list_clipped: A list of Tensors of the same type as list_t.
• global_norm: A 0-D (scalar) Tensor representing the global norm.
##### Raises:
• TypeError: If t_list is not a sequence.

### tf.global_norm(t_list, name=None)

Computes the global norm of multiple tensors.

Given a tuple or list of tensors t_list, this operation returns the global norm of the elements in all tensors in t_list. The global norm is computed as:

global_norm = sqrt(sum([l2norm(t)**2 for t in t_list]))

Any entries in t_list that are of type None are ignored.

##### Args:
• t_list: A tuple or list of mixed Tensors, IndexedSlices, or None.
• name: A name for the operation (optional).
##### Returns:

A 0-D (scalar) Tensor of type float.

##### Raises:
• TypeError: If t_list is not a sequence.