View on TensorFlow.org

Run in Google Colab

View source on GitHub

Download notebook

The TensorFlow Lite Model Maker library simplifies the process of adapting and converting a TensorFlow model to particular input data when deploying this model for on-device ML applications.

This notebook shows an end-to-end example that utilizes the Model Maker library to illustrate the adaptation and conversion of a commonly-used text classification model to classify movie reviews on a mobile device. The text classification model classifies text into predefined categories. The inputs should be preprocessed text and the outputs are the probabilities of the categories. The dataset used in this tutorial are positive and negative movie reviews.

Prerequisites

Install the required packages

To run this example, install the required packages, including the Model Maker package from the GitHub repo.

sudo apt -y install libportaudio2
pip install -q tflite-model-maker-nightly

Import the required packages.

import numpy as np
import os

from tflite_model_maker import model_spec
from tflite_model_maker import text_classifier
from tflite_model_maker.config import ExportFormat
from tflite_model_maker.text_classifier import AverageWordVecSpec
from tflite_model_maker.text_classifier import DataLoader

import tensorflow as tf
assert tf.__version__.startswith('2')
tf.get_logger().setLevel('ERROR')

Download the sample training data.

In this tutorial, we will use the SST-2 (Stanford Sentiment Treebank) which is one of the tasks in the GLUE benchmark. It contains 67,349 movie reviews for training and 872 movie reviews for testing. The dataset has two classes: positive and negative movie reviews.

data_dir = tf.keras.utils.get_file(
      fname='SST-2.zip',
      origin='https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/glue/data/SST-2.zip',
      extract=True)
data_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(data_dir), 'SST-2')

Downloading data from https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/glue/data/SST-2.zip
7446528/7439277 [==============================] - 0s 0us/step
7454720/7439277 [==============================] - 0s 0us/step

The SST-2 dataset is stored in TSV format. The only difference between TSV and CSV is that TSV uses a tab \t character as its delimiter instead of a comma , in the CSV format.

Here are the first 5 lines of the training dataset. label=0 means negative, label=1 means positive.

sentence	label
hide new secretions from the parental units	0
contains no wit , only labored gags	0
that loves its characters and communicates something rather beautiful about human nature	1
remains utterly satisfied to remain the same throughout	0
on the worst revenge-of-the-nerds clichés the filmmakers could dredge up	0

Next, we will load the dataset into a Pandas dataframe and change the current label names (0 and 1) to a more human-readable ones (negative and positive) and use them for model training.

import pandas as pd

def replace_label(original_file, new_file):
  # Load the original file to pandas. We need to specify the separator as
  # '\t' as the training data is stored in TSV format
  df = pd.read_csv(original_file, sep='\t')

  # Define how we want to change the label name
  label_map = {0: 'negative', 1: 'positive'}

  # Excute the label change
  df.replace({'label': label_map}, inplace=True)

  # Write the updated dataset to a new file
  df.to_csv(new_file)

# Replace the label name for both the training and test dataset. Then write the
# updated CSV dataset to the current folder.
replace_label(os.path.join(os.path.join(data_dir, 'train.tsv')), 'train.csv')
replace_label(os.path.join(os.path.join(data_dir, 'dev.tsv')), 'dev.csv')

Quickstart

There are five steps to train a text classification model:

Step 1. Choose a text classification model architecture.

Here we use the average word embedding model architecture, which will produce a small and fast model with decent accuracy.

spec = model_spec.get('average_word_vec')

Model Maker also supports other model architectures such as BERT. If you are interested to learn about other architecture, see the Choose a model architecture for Text Classifier section below.

Step 2. Load the training and test data, then preprocess them according to a specific model_spec.

Model Maker can take input data in the CSV format. We will load the training and test dataset with the human-readable label name that were created earlier.

Each model architecture requires input data to be processed in a particular way. DataLoader reads the requirement from model_spec and automatically executes the necessary preprocessing.

train_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='train.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=spec,
      is_training=True)
test_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='dev.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=spec,
      is_training=False)

Step 3. Train the TensorFlow model with the training data.

The average word embedding model use batch_size = 32 by default. Therefore you will see that it takes 2104 steps to go through the 67,349 sentences in the training dataset. We will train the model for 10 epochs, which means going through the training dataset 10 times.

model = text_classifier.create(train_data, model_spec=spec, epochs=10)

2104/2104 [==============================] - 7s 3ms/step - loss: 0.6756 - accuracy: 0.5709
Epoch 2/2
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.5470 - accuracy: 0.7308
Epoch 3/3
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.4304 - accuracy: 0.8057
Epoch 4/4
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3865 - accuracy: 0.8305
Epoch 5/5
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3631 - accuracy: 0.8427
Epoch 6/6
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3486 - accuracy: 0.8508
Epoch 7/7
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3392 - accuracy: 0.8569
Epoch 8/8
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3307 - accuracy: 0.8606
Epoch 9/9
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3238 - accuracy: 0.8646
Epoch 10/10
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3186 - accuracy: 0.8682

Step 4. Evaluate the model with the test data.

After training the text classification model using the sentences in the training dataset, we will use the remaining 872 sentences in the test dataset to evaluate how the model performs against new data it has never seen before.

As the default batch size is 32, it will take 28 steps to go through the 872 sentences in the test dataset.

loss, acc = model.evaluate(test_data)

28/28 [==============================] - 1s 15ms/step - loss: 0.5205 - accuracy: 0.8280

Step 5. Export as a TensorFlow Lite model.

Let's export the text classification that we have trained in the TensorFlow Lite format. We will specify which folder to export the model. By default, the float TFLite model is exported for the average word embedding model architecture.

model.export(export_dir='average_word_vec')

2022-05-13 12:03:03.586176: W tensorflow/python/util/util.cc:368] Sets are not currently considered sequences, but this may change in the future, so consider avoiding using them.
2022-05-13 12:03:04.048524: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:357] Ignored output_format.
2022-05-13 12:03:04.048556: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:360] Ignored drop_control_dependency.

You can download the TensorFlow Lite model file using the left sidebar of Colab. Go into the average_word_vec folder as we specified in export_dir parameter above, right-click on the model.tflite file and choose Download to download it to your local computer.

This model can be integrated into an Android or an iOS app using the NLClassifier API of the TensorFlow Lite Task Library.

See the TFLite Text Classification sample app for more details on how the model is used in a working app.

Note 1: Android Studio Model Binding does not support text classification yet so please use the TensorFlow Lite Task Library.

Note 2: There is a model.json file in the same folder with the TFLite model. It contains the JSON representation of the metadata bundled inside the TensorFlow Lite model. Model metadata helps the TFLite Task Library know what the model does and how to pre-process/post-process data for the model. You don't need to download the model.json file as it is only for informational purpose and its content is already inside the TFLite file.

Note 3: If you train a text classification model using MobileBERT or BERT-Base architecture, you will need to use BertNLClassifier API instead to integrate the trained model into a mobile app.

The following sections walk through the example step by step to show more details.

Choose a model architecture for Text Classifier

Each model_spec object represents a specific model for the text classifier. TensorFlow Lite Model Maker currently supports MobileBERT, averaging word embeddings and BERT-Base models.

Supported Model	Name of model_spec	Model Description	Model size
Averaging Word Embedding	'average_word_vec'	Averaging text word embeddings with RELU activation.	<1MB
MobileBERT	'mobilebert_classifier'	4.3x smaller and 5.5x faster than BERT-Base while achieving competitive results, suitable for on-device applications.	25MB w/ quantization 100MB w/o quantization
BERT-Base	'bert_classifier'	Standard BERT model that is widely used in NLP tasks.	300MB

In the quick start, we have used the average word embedding model. Let's switch to MobileBERT to train a model with higher accuracy.

mb_spec = model_spec.get('mobilebert_classifier')

Load training data

You can upload your own dataset to work through this tutorial. Upload your dataset by using the left sidebar in Colab.

If you prefer not to upload your dataset to the cloud, you can also locally run the library by following the guide.

To keep it simple, we will reuse the SST-2 dataset downloaded earlier. Let's use the DataLoader.from_csv method to load the data.

Please be noted that as we have changed the model architecture, we will need to reload the training and test dataset to apply the new preprocessing logic.

train_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='train.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=mb_spec,
      is_training=True)
test_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='dev.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=mb_spec,
      is_training=False)

The Model Maker library also supports the from_folder() method to load data. It assumes that the text data of the same class are in the same subdirectory and that the subfolder name is the class name. Each text file contains one movie review sample. The class_labels parameter is used to specify which the subfolders.

Train a TensorFlow Model

Train a text classification model using the training data.

model = text_classifier.create(train_data, model_spec=mb_spec, epochs=3)

1403/1403 [==============================] - 512s 328ms/step - loss: 0.3852 - test_accuracy: 0.8607
Epoch 2/2
1403/1403 [==============================] - 463s 329ms/step - loss: 0.1223 - test_accuracy: 0.9564
Epoch 3/3
1403/1403 [==============================] - 463s 328ms/step - loss: 0.0699 - test_accuracy: 0.9778

Examine the detailed model structure.

model.summary()

Model: "model"
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Layer (type)                   Output Shape         Param #     Connected to                     
==================================================================================================
 input_word_ids (InputLayer)    [(None, 128)]        0           []                               
                                                                                                  
 input_mask (InputLayer)        [(None, 128)]        0           []                               
                                                                                                  
 input_type_ids (InputLayer)    [(None, 128)]        0           []                               
                                                                                                  
 hub_keras_layer_v1v2 (HubKeras  (None, 512)         24581888    ['input_word_ids[0][0]',         
 LayerV1V2)                                                       'input_mask[0][0]',             
                                                                  'input_type_ids[0][0]']         
                                                                                                  
 dropout_1 (Dropout)            (None, 512)          0           ['hub_keras_layer_v1v2[0][0]']   
                                                                                                  
 output (Dense)                 (None, 2)            1026        ['dropout_1[0][0]']              
                                                                                                  
==================================================================================================
Total params: 24,582,914
Trainable params: 24,582,914
Non-trainable params: 0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Evaluate the model

Evaluate the model that we have just trained using the test data and measure the loss and accuracy value.

loss, acc = model.evaluate(test_data)

28/28 [==============================] - 7s 85ms/step - loss: 0.3792 - test_accuracy: 0.9060

Export as a TensorFlow Lite model

Convert the trained model to TensorFlow Lite model format with metadata so that you can later use in an on-device ML application. The label file and the vocab file are embedded in metadata. The default TFLite filename is model.tflite.

In many on-device ML application, the model size is an important factor. Therefore, it is recommended that you apply quantize the model to make it smaller and potentially run faster. The default post-training quantization technique is dynamic range quantization for the BERT and MobileBERT models.

model.export(export_dir='mobilebert/')

2022-05-13 12:28:24.958190: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:357] Ignored output_format.
2022-05-13 12:28:24.958237: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:360] Ignored drop_control_dependency.

The TensorFlow Lite model file can be integrated in a mobile app using the BertNLClassifier API in TensorFlow Lite Task Library. Please note that this is different from the NLClassifier API used to integrate the text classification trained with the average word vector model architecture.

The export formats can be one or a list of the following:

• ExportFormat.TFLITE
• ExportFormat.LABEL
• ExportFormat.VOCAB
• ExportFormat.SAVED_MODEL

By default, it exports only the TensorFlow Lite model file containing the model metadata. You can also choose to export other files related to the model for better examination. For instance, exporting only the label file and vocab file as follows:

model.export(export_dir='mobilebert/', export_format=[ExportFormat.LABEL, ExportFormat.VOCAB])

You can evaluate the TFLite model with evaluate_tflite method to measure its accuracy. Converting the trained TensorFlow model to TFLite format and apply quantization can affect its accuracy so it is recommended to evaluate the TFLite model accuracy before deployment.

accuracy = model.evaluate_tflite('mobilebert/model.tflite', test_data)
print('TFLite model accuracy: ', accuracy)

INFO: Created TensorFlow Lite XNNPACK delegate for CPU.
TFLite model accuracy:  {'accuracy': 0.9071100917431193}

Advanced Usage

The create function is the driver function that the Model Maker library uses to create models. The model_spec parameter defines the model specification. The AverageWordVecSpec and BertClassifierSpec classes are currently supported. The create function comprises of the following steps:

1. Creates the model for the text classifier according to model_spec.
2. Trains the classifier model. The default epochs and the default batch size are set by the default_training_epochs and default_batch_size variables in the model_spec object.

This section covers advanced usage topics like adjusting the model and the training hyperparameters.

Customize the MobileBERT model hyperparameters

The model parameters you can adjust are:

• seq_len: Length of the sequence to feed into the model.
• initializer_range: The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
• trainable: Boolean that specifies whether the pre-trained layer is trainable.

The training pipeline parameters you can adjust are:

• model_dir: The location of the model checkpoint files. If not set, a temporary directory will be used.
• dropout_rate: The dropout rate.
• learning_rate: The initial learning rate for the Adam optimizer.
• tpu: TPU address to connect to.

For instance, you can set the seq_len=256 (default is 128). This allows the model to classify longer text.

new_model_spec = model_spec.get('mobilebert_classifier')
new_model_spec.seq_len = 256

Customize the average word embedding model hyperparameters

You can adjust the model infrastructure like the wordvec_dim and the seq_len variables in the AverageWordVecSpec class.

For example, you can train the model with a larger value of wordvec_dim. Note that you must construct a new model_spec if you modify the model.

new_model_spec = AverageWordVecSpec(wordvec_dim=32)

Get the preprocessed data.

new_train_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='train.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=new_model_spec,
      is_training=True)

Train the new model.

model = text_classifier.create(new_train_data, model_spec=new_model_spec)

2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.6697 - accuracy: 0.5842
Epoch 2/2
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.5129 - accuracy: 0.7529
Epoch 3/3
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.4117 - accuracy: 0.8156

Tune the training hyperparameters

You can also tune the training hyperparameters like epochs and batch_size that affect the model accuracy. For instance,

• epochs: more epochs could achieve better accuracy, but may lead to overfitting.
• batch_size: the number of samples to use in one training step.

For example, you can train with more epochs.

model = text_classifier.create(new_train_data, model_spec=new_model_spec, epochs=20)

2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.6529 - accuracy: 0.6084
Epoch 2/2
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.4709 - accuracy: 0.7762
Epoch 3/3
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3916 - accuracy: 0.8250
Epoch 4/4
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3616 - accuracy: 0.8423
Epoch 5/5
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3449 - accuracy: 0.8528
Epoch 6/6
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3333 - accuracy: 0.8573
Epoch 7/7
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3243 - accuracy: 0.8623
Epoch 8/8
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3181 - accuracy: 0.8660
Epoch 9/9
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3134 - accuracy: 0.8682
Epoch 10/10
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3092 - accuracy: 0.8706
Epoch 11/11
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3060 - accuracy: 0.8728
Epoch 12/12
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3031 - accuracy: 0.8739
Epoch 13/13
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.3012 - accuracy: 0.8754
Epoch 14/14
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2979 - accuracy: 0.8763
Epoch 15/15
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2960 - accuracy: 0.8780
Epoch 16/16
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2945 - accuracy: 0.8788
Epoch 17/17
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2936 - accuracy: 0.8794
Epoch 18/18
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2916 - accuracy: 0.8806
Epoch 19/19
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2898 - accuracy: 0.8816
Epoch 20/20
2104/2104 [==============================] - 6s 3ms/step - loss: 0.2890 - accuracy: 0.8822

Evaluate the newly retrained model with 20 training epochs.

new_test_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='dev.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=new_model_spec,
      is_training=False)

loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(new_test_data)

28/28 [==============================] - 0s 3ms/step - loss: 0.5144 - accuracy: 0.8314

Change the Model Architecture

You can change the model by changing the model_spec. The following shows how to change to BERT-Base model.

Change the model_spec to BERT-Base model for the text classifier.

spec = model_spec.get('bert_classifier')

The remaining steps are the same.

Customize Post-training quantization on the TensorFlow Lite model

Post-training quantization is a conversion technique that can reduce model size and inference latency, while also improving CPU and hardware accelerator inference speed, with a little degradation in model accuracy. Thus, it's widely used to optimize the model.

Model Maker library applies a default post-training quantization techique when exporting the model. If you want to customize post-training quantization, Model Maker supports multiple post-training quantization options using QuantizationConfig as well. Let's take float16 quantization as an instance. First, define the quantization config.

config = QuantizationConfig.for_float16()

Then we export the TensorFlow Lite model with such configuration.

model.export(export_dir='.', tflite_filename='model_fp16.tflite', quantization_config=config)

Read more

You can read our text classification example to learn technical details. For more information, please refer to:

• TensorFlow Lite Model Maker guide and API reference.
• Task Library: NLClassifier and BertNLClassifier for deployment.
• The end-to-end reference apps: Android and iOS.