Federated Learning for Image Classification

View on TensorFlow.org Run in Google Colab View source on GitHub

In this tutorial, we use the classic MNIST training example to introduce the Federated Learning (FL) API layer of TFF, tff.learning - a set of higher-level interfaces that can be used to perform common types of federated learning tasks, such as federated training, against user-supplied models implemented in TensorFlow.

This tutorial, and the Federated Learning API, are intended primarily for users who want to plug their own TensorFlow models into TFF, treating the latter mostly as a black box. For a more in-depth understanding of TFF and how to implement your own federated learning algorithms, see the tutorials on the FC Core API - Custom Federated Algorithms Part 1 and Part 2.

For more on tff.learning, continue with the Federated Learning for Text Generation, tutorial which in addition to covering recurrent models, also demonstrates loading a pre-trained serialized Keras model for refinement with federated learning combined with evaluation using Keras.

Before we start

Before we start, please run the following to make sure that your environment is correctly setup. If you don't see a greeting, please refer to the Installation guide for instructions. 


!pip install --quiet --upgrade tensorflow_federated

%load_ext tensorboard

import collections

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_federated as tff

np.random.seed(0)

tff.federated_computation(lambda: 'Hello, World!')()

b'Hello, World!'

Preparing the input data

Let's start with the data. Federated learning requires a federated data set, i.e., a collection of data from multiple users. Federated data is typically non-i.i.d., which poses a unique set of challenges.

In order to facilitate experimentation, we seeded the TFF repository with a few datasets, including a federated version of MNIST that contains a version of the original NIST dataset that has been re-processed using Leaf so that the data is keyed by the original writer of the digits. Since each writer has a unique style, this dataset exhibits the kind of non-i.i.d. behavior expected of federated datasets.

Here's how we can load it.

emnist_train, emnist_test = tff.simulation.datasets.emnist.load_data()

The data sets returned by load_data() are instances of tff.simulation.ClientData, an interface that allows you to enumerate the set of users, to construct a tf.data.Dataset that represents the data of a particular user, and to query the structure of individual elements. Here's how you can use this interface to explore the content of the data set. Keep in mind that while this interface allows you to iterate over clients ids, this is only a feature of the simulation data. As you will see shortly, client identities are not used by the federated learning framework - their only purpose is to allow you to select subsets of the data for simulations.

len(emnist_train.client_ids)

3383

emnist_train.element_type_structure

OrderedDict([('pixels', TensorSpec(shape=(28, 28), dtype=tf.float32, name=None)), ('label', TensorSpec(shape=(), dtype=tf.int32, name=None))])

example_dataset = emnist_train.create_tf_dataset_for_client(
    emnist_train.client_ids[0])

example_element = next(iter(example_dataset))

example_element['label'].numpy()

1

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.imshow(example_element['pixels'].numpy(), cmap='gray', aspect='equal')
plt.grid(False)
_ = plt.show()

png

Since the data is already a tf.data.Dataset, preprocessing can be accomplished using Dataset transformations. Here, we flatten the 28x28 images into 784-element arrays, shuffle the individual examples, organize them into batches, and renames the features from pixels and label to x and y for use with Keras. We also throw in a repeat over the data set to run several epochs.

NUM_CLIENTS = 10
NUM_EPOCHS = 5
BATCH_SIZE = 20
SHUFFLE_BUFFER = 100
PREFETCH_BUFFER=10

def preprocess(dataset):

  def batch_format_fn(element):
    """Flatten a batch `pixels` and return the features as an `OrderedDict`."""
    return collections.OrderedDict(
        x=tf.reshape(element['pixels'], [-1, 784]),
        y=tf.reshape(element['label'], [-1, 1]))

  return dataset.repeat(NUM_EPOCHS).shuffle(SHUFFLE_BUFFER).batch(
      BATCH_SIZE).map(batch_format_fn).prefetch(PREFETCH_BUFFER)

Let's verify this worked.

preprocessed_example_dataset = preprocess(example_dataset)

sample_batch = tf.nest.map_structure(lambda x: x.numpy(),
                                     next(iter(preprocessed_example_dataset)))

sample_batch

OrderedDict([('x', array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
       ...,
       [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
       [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=float32)), ('y', array([[6],
       [6],
       [7],
       [9],
       [1],
       [2],
       [4],
       [0],
       [1],
       [4],
       [7],
       [8],
       [6],
       [0],
       [6],
       [7],
       [5],
       [3],
       [2],
       [7]], dtype=int32))])

We have almost all the building blocks in place to construct federated data sets.

One of the ways to feed federated data to TFF in a simulation is simply as a Python list, with each element of the list holding the data of an individual user, whether as a list or as a tf.data.Dataset. Since we already have an interface that provides the latter, let's use it.

Here's a simple helper function that will construct a list of datasets from the given set of users as an input to a round of training or evaluation.

def make_federated_data(client_data, client_ids):
  return [
      preprocess(client_data.create_tf_dataset_for_client(x))
      for x in client_ids
  ]

Now, how do we choose clients?

In a typical federated training scenario, we are dealing with potentially a very large population of user devices, only a fraction of which may be available for training at a given point in time. This is the case, for example, when the client devices are mobile phones that participate in training only when plugged into a power source, off a metered network, and otherwise idle.

Of course, we are in a simulation environment, and all the data is locally available. Typically then, when running simulations, we would simply sample a random subset of the clients to be involved in each round of training, generally different in each round.

That said, as you can find out by studying the paper on the Federated Averaging algorithm, achieving convergence in a system with randomly sampled subsets of clients in each round can take a while, and it would be impractical to have to run hundreds of rounds in this interactive tutorial.

What we'll do instead is sample the set of clients once, and reuse the same set across rounds to speed up convergence (intentionally over-fitting to these few user's data). We leave it as an exercise for the reader to modify this tutorial to simulate random sampling - it is fairly easy to do (once you do, keep in mind that getting the model to converge may take a while).

sample_clients = emnist_train.client_ids[0:NUM_CLIENTS]

federated_train_data = make_federated_data(emnist_train, sample_clients)

print('Number of client datasets: {l}'.format(l=len(federated_train_data)))
print('First dataset: {d}'.format(d=federated_train_data[0]))

Number of client datasets: 10
First dataset: <DatasetV1Adapter shapes: OrderedDict([(x, (None, 784)), (y, (None, 1))]), types: OrderedDict([(x, tf.float32), (y, tf.int32)])>

Creating a model with Keras

If you are using Keras, you likely already have code that constructs a Keras model. Here's an example of a simple model that will suffice for our needs.

def create_keras_model():
  return tf.keras.models.Sequential([
      tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(784,)),
      tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, kernel_initializer='zeros'),
      tf.keras.layers.Softmax(),
  ])

In order to use any model with TFF, it needs to be wrapped in an instance of the tff.learning.Model interface, which exposes methods to stamp the model's forward pass, metadata properties, etc., similarly to Keras, but also introduces additional elements, such as ways to control the process of computing federated metrics. Let's not worry about this for now; if you have a Keras model like the one we've just defined above, you can have TFF wrap it for you by invoking tff.learning.from_keras_model, passing the model and a sample data batch as arguments, as shown below.

def model_fn():
  # We _must_ create a new model here, and _not_ capture it from an external
  # scope. TFF will call this within different graph contexts.
  keras_model = create_keras_model()
  return tff.learning.from_keras_model(
      keras_model,
      input_spec=preprocessed_example_dataset.element_spec,
      loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(),
      metrics=[tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy()])

Training the model on federated data

Now that we have a model wrapped as tff.learning.Model for use with TFF, we can let TFF construct a Federated Averaging algorithm by invoking the helper function tff.learning.build_federated_averaging_process, as follows.

Keep in mind that the argument needs to be a constructor (such as model_fn above), not an already-constructed instance, so that the construction of your model can happen in a context controlled by TFF (if you're curious about the reasons for this, we encourage you to read the follow-up tutorial on custom algorithms).

One critical note on the Federated Averaging algorithm below, there are 2 optimizers: a _clientoptimizer and a _serveroptimizer. The _clientoptimizer is only used to compute local model updates on each client. The _serveroptimizer applies the averaged update to the global model at the server. In particular, this means that the choice of optimizer and learning rate used may need to be different than the ones you have used to train the model on a standard i.i.d. dataset. We recommend starting with regular SGD, possibly with a smaller learning rate than usual. The learning rate we use has not been carefully tuned, feel free to experiment.

iterative_process = tff.learning.build_federated_averaging_process(
    model_fn,
    client_optimizer_fn=lambda: tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.02),
    server_optimizer_fn=lambda: tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=1.0))

What just happened? TFF has constructed a pair of federated computations and packaged them into a tff.templates.IterativeProcess in which these computations are available as a pair of properties initialize and next.

In a nutshell, federated computations are programs in TFF's internal language that can express various federated algorithms (you can find more about this in the custom algorithms tutorial). In this case, the two computations generated and packed into iterative_process implement Federated Averaging.

It is a goal of TFF to define computations in a way that they could be executed in real federated learning settings, but currently only local execution simulation runtime is implemented. To execute a computation in a simulator, you simply invoke it like a Python function. This default interpreted environment is not designed for high performance, but it will suffice for this tutorial; we expect to provide higher-performance simulation runtimes to facilitate larger-scale research in future releases.

Let's start with the initialize computation. As is the case for all federated computations, you can think of it as a function. The computation takes no arguments, and returns one result - the representation of the state of the Federated Averaging process on the server. While we don't want to dive into the details of TFF, it may be instructive to see what this state looks like. You can visualize it as follows.

str(iterative_process.initialize.type_signature)

'( -> <model=<trainable=<float32[784,10],float32[10]>,non_trainable=<>>,optimizer_state=<int64>,delta_aggregate_state=<>,model_broadcast_state=<>>@SERVER)'

While the above type signature may at first seem a bit cryptic, you can recognize that the server state consists of a model (the initial model parameters for MNIST that will be distributed to all devices), and optimizer_state (additional information maintained by the server, such as the number of rounds to use for hyperparameter schedules, etc.).

Let's invoke the initialize computation to construct the server state.

state = iterative_process.initialize()

The second of the pair of federated computations, next, represents a single round of Federated Averaging, which consists of pushing the server state (including the model parameters) to the clients, on-device training on their local data, collecting and averaging model updates, and producing a new updated model at the server.

Conceptually, you can think of next as having a functional type signature that looks as follows.

SERVER_STATE, FEDERATED_DATA -> SERVER_STATE, TRAINING_METRICS

In particular, one should think about next() not as being a function that runs on a server, but rather being a declarative functional representation of the entire decentralized computation - some of the inputs are provided by the server (SERVER_STATE), but each participating device contributes its own local dataset.

Let's run a single round of training and visualize the results. We can use the federated data we've already generated above for a sample of users.

state, metrics = iterative_process.next(state, federated_train_data)
print('round  1, metrics={}'.format(metrics))

round  1, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.1281892955303192,loss=3.112910270690918,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>

Let's run a few more rounds. As noted earlier, typically at this point you would pick a subset of your simulation data from a new randomly selected sample of users for each round in order to simulate a realistic deployment in which users continuously come and go, but in this interactive notebook, for the sake of demonstration we'll just reuse the same users, so that the system converges quickly.

NUM_ROUNDS = 11
for round_num in range(2, NUM_ROUNDS):
  state, metrics = iterative_process.next(state, federated_train_data)
  print('round {:2d}, metrics={}'.format(round_num, metrics))

round  2, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.1366255134344101,loss=3.0699315071105957,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  3, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.14938271045684814,loss=2.967233657836914,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  4, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.17860081791877747,loss=2.7275609970092773,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  5, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.20637859404087067,loss=2.601724863052368,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  6, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.2100823074579239,loss=2.5941531658172607,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  7, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.244650200009346,loss=2.3704617023468018,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  8, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.2720164656639099,loss=2.225743293762207,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round  9, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.28641974925994873,loss=2.2297680377960205,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>
round 10, metrics=<sparse_categorical_accuracy=0.31975308060646057,loss=2.0716400146484375,keras_training_time_client_sum_sec=0.0>

Training loss is decreasing after each round of federated training, indicating the model is converging. There are some important caveats with these training metrics, however, see the section on Evaluation later in this tutorial.

Displaying model metrics in TensorBoard

Next, let's visualize the metrics from these federated computations using Tensorboard.

Let's start by creating the directory and the corresponding summary writer to write the metrics to.


logdir = "/tmp/logs/scalars/training/"
summary_writer = tf.summary.create_file_writer(logdir)
state = iterative_process.initialize()

Plot the relevant scalar metrics with the same summary writer.


with summary_writer.as_default():
  for round_num in range(1, NUM_ROUNDS):
    state, metrics = iterative_process.next(state, federated_train_data)
    for name, value in metrics._asdict().items():
      tf.summary.scalar(name, value, step=round_num)

Start TensorBoard with the root log directory specified above. It can take a few seconds for the data to load.


%tensorboard --logdir /tmp/logs/scalars/ --port=0


# Run this this cell to clean your directory of old output for future graphs from this directory.
!rm -R /tmp/logs/scalars/*

In order to view evaluation metrics the same way, you can create a separate eval folder, like "logs/scalars/eval", to write to TensorBoard.

Customizing the model implementation

Keras is the recommended high-level model API for TensorFlow, and we encourage using Keras models (via tff.learning.from_keras_model) in TFF whenever possible.

However, tff.learning provides a lower-level model interface, tff.learning.Model, that exposes the minimal functionality necessary for using a model for federated learning. Directly implementing this interface (possibly still using building blocks like tf.keras.layers) allows for maximum customization without modifying the internals of the federated learning algorithms.

So let's do it all over again from scratch.

Defining model variables, forward pass, and metrics

The first step is to identify the TensorFlow variables we're going to work with. In order to make the following code more legible, let's define a data structure to represent the entire set. This will include variables such as weights and bias that we will train, as well as variables that will hold various cumulative statistics and counters we will update during training, such as loss_sum, accuracy_sum, and num_examples.

MnistVariables = collections.namedtuple(
    'MnistVariables', 'weights bias num_examples loss_sum accuracy_sum')

Here's a method that creates the variables. For the sake of simplicity, we represent all statistics as tf.float32, as that will eliminate the need for type conversions at a later stage. Wrapping variable initializers as lambdas is a requirement imposed by resource variables.

def create_mnist_variables():
  return MnistVariables(
      weights=tf.Variable(
          lambda: tf.zeros(dtype=tf.float32, shape=(784, 10)),
          name='weights',
          trainable=True),
      bias=tf.Variable(
          lambda: tf.zeros(dtype=tf.float32, shape=(10)),
          name='bias',
          trainable=True),
      num_examples=tf.Variable(0.0, name='num_examples', trainable=False),
      loss_sum=tf.Variable(0.0, name='loss_sum', trainable=False),
      accuracy_sum=tf.Variable(0.0, name='accuracy_sum', trainable=False))

With the variables for model parameters and cumulative statistics in place, we can now define the forward pass method that computes loss, emits predictions, and updates the cumulative statistics for a single batch of input data, as follows.

def mnist_forward_pass(variables, batch):
  y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(batch['x'], variables.weights) + variables.bias)
  predictions = tf.cast(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.int32)

  flat_labels = tf.reshape(batch['y'], [-1])
  loss = -tf.reduce_mean(
      tf.reduce_sum(tf.one_hot(flat_labels, 10) * tf.math.log(y), axis=[1]))
  accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(
      tf.cast(tf.equal(predictions, flat_labels), tf.float32))

  num_examples = tf.cast(tf.size(batch['y']), tf.float32)

  variables.num_examples.assign_add(num_examples)
  variables.loss_sum.assign_add(loss * num_examples)
  variables.accuracy_sum.assign_add(accuracy * num_examples)

  return loss, predictions

Next, we define a function that returns a set of local metrics, again using TensorFlow. These are the values (in addition to model updates, which are handled automatically) that are eligible to be aggregated to the server in a federated learning or evaluation process.

Here, we simply return the average loss and accuracy, as well as the num_examples, which we'll need to correctly weight the contributions from different users when computing federated aggregates.

def get_local_mnist_metrics(variables):
  return collections.OrderedDict(
      num_examples=variables.num_examples,
      loss=variables.loss_sum / variables.num_examples,
      accuracy=variables.accuracy_sum / variables.num_examples)

Finally, we need to determine how to aggregate the local metrics emitted by each device via get_local_mnist_metrics. This is the only part of the code that isn't written in TensorFlow - it's a federated computation expressed in TFF. If you'd like to dig deeper, skim over the custom algorithms tutorial, but in most applications, you won't really need to; variants of the pattern shown below should suffice. Here's what it looks like:

@tff.federated_computation
def aggregate_mnist_metrics_across_clients(metrics):
  return collections.OrderedDict(
      num_examples=tff.federated_sum(metrics.num_examples),
      loss=tff.federated_mean(metrics.loss, metrics.num_examples),
      accuracy=tff.federated_mean(metrics.accuracy, metrics.num_examples))

The input metrics argument corresponds to the OrderedDict returned by get_local_mnist_metrics above, but critically the values are no longer tf.Tensors - they are "boxed" as tff.Values, to make it clear you can no longer manipulate them using TensorFlow, but only using TFF's federated operators like tff.federated_mean and tff.federated_sum. The returned dictionary of global aggregates defines the set of metrics which will be available on the server.

Constructing an instance of tff.learning.Model

With all of the above in place, we are ready to construct a model representation for use with TFF similar to one that's generated for you when you let TFF ingest a Keras model.

class MnistModel(tff.learning.Model):

  def __init__(self):
    self._variables = create_mnist_variables()

  @property
  def trainable_variables(self):
    return [self._variables.weights, self._variables.bias]

  @property
  def non_trainable_variables(self):
    return []

  @property
  def local_variables(self):
    return [
        self._variables.num_examples, self._variables.loss_sum,
        self._variables.accuracy_sum
    ]

  @property
  def input_spec(self):
    return collections.OrderedDict(
        x=tf.TensorSpec([None, 784], tf.float32),
        y=tf.TensorSpec([None, 1], tf.int32))

  @tf.function
  def forward_pass(self, batch, training=True):
    del training
    loss, predictions = mnist_forward_pass(self._variables, batch)
    num_exmaples = tf.shape(batch['x'])[0]
    return tff.learning.BatchOutput(
        loss=loss, predictions=predictions, num_examples=num_exmaples)

  @tf.function
  def report_local_outputs(self):
    return get_local_mnist_metrics(self._variables)

  @property
  def federated_output_computation(self):
    return aggregate_mnist_metrics_across_clients

As you can see, the abstract methods and properties defined by tff.learning.Model corresponds to the code snippets in the preceding section that introduced the variables and defined the loss and statistics.

Here are a few points worth highlighting:

  • All state that your model will use must be captured as TensorFlow variables, as TFF does not use Python at runtime (remember your code should be written such that it can be deployed to mobile devices; see the custom algorithms tutorial for a more in-depth commentary on the reasons).
  • Your model should describe what form of data it accepts (input_spec), as in general, TFF is a strongly-typed environment and wants to determine type signatures for all components. Declaring the format of your model's input is an essential part of it.
  • Although technically not required, we recommend wrapping all TensorFlow logic (forward pass, metric calculations, etc.) as tf.functions, as this helps ensure the TensorFlow can be serialized, and removes the need for explicit control dependencies.

The above is sufficient for evaluation and algorithms like Federated SGD. However, for Federated Averaging, we need to specify how the model should train locally on each batch. We will specify a local optimizer when building the Federated Averaging algorithm.

Simulating federated training with the new model

With all the above in place, the remainder of the process looks like what we've seen already - just replace the model constructor with the constructor of our new model class, and use the two federated computations in the iterative process you created to cycle through training rounds.

iterative_process = tff.learning.build_federated_averaging_process(
    MnistModel,
    client_optimizer_fn=lambda: tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.02))

state = iterative_process.initialize()

state, metrics = iterative_process.next(state, federated_train_data)
print('round  1, metrics={}'.format(metrics))

round  1, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=3.1408212184906006,accuracy=0.11687242984771729>


for round_num in range(2, 11):
  state, metrics = iterative_process.next(state, federated_train_data)
  print('round {:2d}, metrics={}'.format(round_num, metrics))

round  2, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=3.0044455528259277,accuracy=0.1366255134344101>
round  3, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.8893046379089355,accuracy=0.14753086864948273>
round  4, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.742488384246826,accuracy=0.1720164567232132>
round  5, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.52746844291687,accuracy=0.20843622088432312>
round  6, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.455655574798584,accuracy=0.23127572238445282>
round  7, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.369921922683716,accuracy=0.2522633671760559>
round  8, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.288294553756714,accuracy=0.27345678210258484>
round  9, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.18411922454834,accuracy=0.2890946567058563>
round 10, metrics=<num_examples=4860.0,loss=2.048980951309204,accuracy=0.32510289549827576>

To see these metrics within TensorBoard, refer to the steps listed above in "Displaying model metrics in TensorBoard".

Evaluation

All of our experiments so far presented only federated training metrics - the average metrics over all batches of data trained across all clients in the round. This introduces the normal concerns about overfitting, especially since we used the same set of clients on each round for simplicity, but there is an additional notion of overfitting in training metrics specific to the Federated Averaging algorithm. This is easiest to see if we imagine each client had a single batch of data, and we train on that batch for many iterations (epochs). In this case, the local model will quickly exactly fit to that one batch, and so the local accuracy metric we average will approach 1.0. Thus, these training metrics can be taken as a sign that training is progressing, but not much more.

To perform evaluation on federated data, you can construct another federated computation designed for just this purpose, using the tff.learning.build_federated_evaluation function, and passing in your model constructor as an argument. Note that unlike with Federated Averaging, where we've used MnistTrainableModel, it suffices to pass the MnistModel. Evaluation doesn't perform gradient descent, and there's no need to construct optimizers.

For experimentation and research, when a centralized test dataset is available, Federated Learning for Text Generation demonstrates another evaluation option: taking the trained weights from federated learning, applying them to a standard Keras model, and then simply calling tf.keras.models.Model.evaluate() on a centralized dataset.

evaluation = tff.learning.build_federated_evaluation(MnistModel)

You can inspect the abstract type signature of the evaluation function as follows.

str(evaluation.type_signature)

'(<<trainable=<float32[784,10],float32[10]>,non_trainable=<>>@SERVER,{<x=float32[?,784],y=int32[?,1]>*}@CLIENTS> -> <num_examples=float32@SERVER,loss=float32@SERVER,accuracy=float32@SERVER>)'

No need to be concerned about the details at this point, just be aware that it takes the following general form, similar to tff.templates.IterativeProcess.next but with two important differences. First, we are not returning server state, since evaluation doesn't modify the model or any other aspect of state - you can think of it as stateless. Second, evaluation only needs the model, and doesn't require any other part of server state that might be associated with training, such as optimizer variables.

SERVER_MODEL, FEDERATED_DATA -> TRAINING_METRICS

Let's invoke evaluation on the latest state we arrived at during training. In order to extract the latest trained model from the server state, you simply access the .model member, as follows.

train_metrics = evaluation(state.model, federated_train_data)

Here's what we get. Note the numbers look marginally better than what was reported by the last round of training above. By convention, the training metrics reported by the iterative training process generally reflect the performance of the model at the beginning of the training round, so the evaluation metrics will always be one step ahead.

str(train_metrics)

'<num_examples=4860.0,loss=1.5626375675201416,accuracy=0.5133745074272156>'

Now, let's compile a test sample of federated data and rerun evaluation on the test data. The data will come from the same sample of real users, but from a distinct held-out data set.

federated_test_data = make_federated_data(emnist_test, sample_clients)

len(federated_test_data), federated_test_data[0]

(10,
 <DatasetV1Adapter shapes: OrderedDict([(x, (None, 784)), (y, (None, 1))]), types: OrderedDict([(x, tf.float32), (y, tf.int32)])>)

test_metrics = evaluation(state.model, federated_test_data)

str(test_metrics)

'<num_examples=580.0,loss=1.6954734325408936,accuracy=0.4568965435028076>'

This concludes the tutorial. We encourage you to play with the parameters (e.g., batch sizes, number of users, epochs, learning rates, etc.), to modify the code above to simulate training on random samples of users in each round, and to explore the other tutorials we've developed.