Robust machine learning on streaming data using Kafka and Tensorflow-IO
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Overview

This tutorial focuses on streaming data from a Kafka cluster into a tf.data.Dataset which is then used in conjunction with tf.keras for training and inference.

Kafka is primarily a distributed event-streaming platform which provides scalable and fault-tolerant streaming data across data pipelines. It is an essential technical component of a plethora of major enterprises where mission-critical data delivery is a primary requirement.

Setup

Install the required tensorflow-io and kafka packages

pip install tensorflow-io
pip install kafka-python

Import packages

import os
from datetime import datetime
import time
import threading
import json
from kafka import KafkaProducer
from kafka.errors import KafkaError
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import pandas as pd
import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_io as tfio

Validate tf and tfio imports

print("tensorflow-io version: {}".format(tfio.__version__))
print("tensorflow version: {}".format(tf.__version__))

tensorflow-io version: 0.23.1
tensorflow version: 2.8.0-rc0

Download and setup Kafka and Zookeeper instances

For demo purposes, the following instances are setup locally:

Kafka (Brokers: 127.0.0.1:9092)
Zookeeper (Node: 127.0.0.1:2181)

curl -sSOL https://downloads.apache.org/kafka/2.7.2/kafka_2.13-2.7.2.tgz
tar -xzf kafka_2.13-2.7.2.tgz

Using the default configurations (provided by Apache Kafka) for spinning up the instances.

./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/zookeeper-server-start.sh -daemon ./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/config/zookeeper.properties
./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/kafka-server-start.sh -daemon ./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/config/server.properties
echo "Waiting for 10 secs until kafka and zookeeper services are up and running"
sleep 10

Waiting for 10 secs until kafka and zookeeper services are up and running

Once the instances are started as daemon processes, grep for kafka in the processes list. The two java processes correspond to zookeeper and the kafka instances.

ps -ef | grep kafka

kbuilder 27856 20044  4 20:28 ?        00:00:00 python /tmpfs/src/gfile/executor.py --input_notebook=/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka.ipynb --timeout=15000
kbuilder 28271     1 16 20:28 ?        00:00:01 java -Xmx512M -Xms512M -server -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=20 -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent=35 -XX:+ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent -XX:MaxInlineLevel=15 -Djava.awt.headless=true -Xlog:gc*:file=/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../logs/zookeeper-gc.log:time,tags:filecount=10,filesize=100M -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate=false -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false -Dkafka.logs.dir=/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../logs -Dlog4j.configuration=file:./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../config/log4j.properties -cp /tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/activation-1.1.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/aopalliance-repackaged-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/argparse4j-0.7.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/audience-annotations-0.5.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/commons-cli-1.4.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/commons-lang3-3.8.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-api-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-basic-auth-extension-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-file-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-json-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-mirror-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-mirror-client-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-runtime-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-transforms-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/hk2-api-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/hk2-locator-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/hk2-utils-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-annotations-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-core-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-databind-2.10.5.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-dataformat-csv-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-datatype-jdk8-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-jaxrs-base-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-jaxrs-json-provider-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-module-jaxb-annotations-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-module-paranamer-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-module-scala_2.13-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.activation-api-1.2.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.annotation-api-1.3.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.inject-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.validation-api-2.0.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.ws.rs-api-2.1.6.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.xml.bind-api-2.3.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javassist-3.25.0-GA.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javassist-3.26.0-GA.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javax.servlet-api-3.1.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javax.ws.rs-api-2.1.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jaxb-api-2.3.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-client-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-common-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-container-servlet-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-container-servlet-core-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-hk2-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-server-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-client-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-continuation-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-http-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-io-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-security-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-server-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-servlet-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-servlets-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-util-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-util-ajax-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jopt-simple-5.0.4.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-clients-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-log4j-appender-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-raft-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-examples-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-scala_2.13-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-test-utils-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-tools-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka_2.13-2.7.2-sources.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka_2.13-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/log4j-1.2.17.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/lz4-java-1.7.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/maven-artifact-3.8.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/metrics-core-2.2.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-buffer-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-codec-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-common-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-handler-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-resolver-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-transport-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-transport-native-epoll-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-transport-native-unix-common-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/osgi-resource-locator-1.0.3.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/paranamer-2.8.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/plexus-utils-3.2.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/reflections-0.9.12.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/rocksdbjni-5.18.4.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-collection-compat_2.13-2.2.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-java8-compat_2.13-0.9.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-library-2.13.3.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-logging_2.13-3.9.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-reflect-2.13.3.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/slf4j-api-1.7.30.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/slf4j-log4j12-1.7.30.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/snappy-java-1.1.7.7.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/zookeeper-3.5.9.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/zookeeper-jute-3.5.9.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/zstd-jni-1.4.5-6.jar org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain ./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/config/zookeeper.properties
kbuilder 28635     1 57 20:28 ?        00:00:05 java -Xmx1G -Xms1G -server -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=20 -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent=35 -XX:+ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent -XX:MaxInlineLevel=15 -Djava.awt.headless=true -Xlog:gc*:file=/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../logs/kafkaServer-gc.log:time,tags:filecount=10,filesize=100M -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate=false -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false -Dkafka.logs.dir=/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../logs -Dlog4j.configuration=file:./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../config/log4j.properties -cp /tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/activation-1.1.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/aopalliance-repackaged-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/argparse4j-0.7.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/audience-annotations-0.5.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/commons-cli-1.4.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/commons-lang3-3.8.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-api-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-basic-auth-extension-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-file-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-json-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-mirror-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-mirror-client-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-runtime-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/connect-transforms-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/hk2-api-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/hk2-locator-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/hk2-utils-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-annotations-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-core-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-databind-2.10.5.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-dataformat-csv-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-datatype-jdk8-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-jaxrs-base-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-jaxrs-json-provider-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-module-jaxb-annotations-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-module-paranamer-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jackson-module-scala_2.13-2.10.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.activation-api-1.2.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.annotation-api-1.3.5.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.inject-2.6.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.validation-api-2.0.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.ws.rs-api-2.1.6.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jakarta.xml.bind-api-2.3.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javassist-3.25.0-GA.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javassist-3.26.0-GA.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javax.servlet-api-3.1.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/javax.ws.rs-api-2.1.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jaxb-api-2.3.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-client-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-common-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-container-servlet-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-container-servlet-core-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-hk2-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jersey-server-2.34.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-client-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-continuation-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-http-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-io-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-security-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-server-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-servlet-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-servlets-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-util-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jetty-util-ajax-9.4.43.v20210629.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/jopt-simple-5.0.4.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-clients-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-log4j-appender-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-raft-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-examples-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-scala_2.13-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-streams-test-utils-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka-tools-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka_2.13-2.7.2-sources.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/kafka_2.13-2.7.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/log4j-1.2.17.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/lz4-java-1.7.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/maven-artifact-3.8.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/metrics-core-2.2.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-buffer-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-codec-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-common-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-handler-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-resolver-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-transport-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-transport-native-epoll-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/netty-transport-native-unix-common-4.1.59.Final.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/osgi-resource-locator-1.0.3.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/paranamer-2.8.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/plexus-utils-3.2.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/reflections-0.9.12.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/rocksdbjni-5.18.4.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-collection-compat_2.13-2.2.0.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-java8-compat_2.13-0.9.1.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-library-2.13.3.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-logging_2.13-3.9.2.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/scala-reflect-2.13.3.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/slf4j-api-1.7.30.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/slf4j-log4j12-1.7.30.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/snappy-java-1.1.7.7.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/zookeeper-3.5.9.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/zookeeper-jute-3.5.9.jar:/tmpfs/src/temp/docs/tutorials/kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/../libs/zstd-jni-1.4.5-6.jar kafka.Kafka ./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/config/server.properties
kbuilder 28821 27860  0 20:28 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash -c ps -ef | grep kafka
kbuilder 28823 28821  0 20:28 pts/0    00:00:00 grep kafka

Create the kafka topics with the following specs:

susy-train: partitions=1, replication-factor=1
susy-test: partitions=2, replication-factor=1

./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --bootstrap-server 127.0.0.1:9092 --replication-factor 1 --partitions 1 --topic susy-train
./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --bootstrap-server 127.0.0.1:9092 --replication-factor 1 --partitions 2 --topic susy-test

Created topic susy-train.
Created topic susy-test.

Describe the topic for details on the configuration

./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --bootstrap-server 127.0.0.1:9092 --topic susy-train
./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --bootstrap-server 127.0.0.1:9092 --topic susy-test

Topic: susy-train PartitionCount: 1 ReplicationFactor: 1  Configs: segment.bytes=1073741824
    Topic: susy-train Partition: 0  Leader: 0 Replicas: 0   Isr: 0
Topic: susy-test  PartitionCount: 2 ReplicationFactor: 1  Configs: segment.bytes=1073741824
    Topic: susy-test  Partition: 0  Leader: 0 Replicas: 0   Isr: 0
    Topic: susy-test  Partition: 1  Leader: 0 Replicas: 0   Isr: 0

The replication factor 1 indicates that the data is not being replicated. This is due to the presence of a single broker in our kafka setup. In production systems, the number of bootstrap servers can be in the range of 100's of nodes. That is where the fault-tolerance using replication comes into picture.

Please refer to the docs for more details.

SUSY Dataset

Kafka being an event streaming platform, enables data from various sources to be written into it. For instance:

Web traffic logs
Astronomical measurements
IoT sensor data
Product reviews and many more.

For the purpose of this tutorial, lets download the SUSY dataset and feed the data into kafka manually. The goal of this classification problem is to distinguish between a signal process which produces supersymmetric particles and a background process which does not.

curl -sSOL https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/00279/SUSY.csv.gz

Explore the dataset

The first column is the class label (1 for signal, 0 for background), followed by the 18 features (8 low-level features then 10 high-level features). The first 8 features are kinematic properties measured by the particle detectors in the accelerator. The last 10 features are functions of the first 8 features. These are high-level features derived by physicists to help discriminate between the two classes.

COLUMNS = [
          #  labels
           'class',
          #  low-level features
           'lepton_1_pT',
           'lepton_1_eta',
           'lepton_1_phi',
           'lepton_2_pT',
           'lepton_2_eta',
           'lepton_2_phi',
           'missing_energy_magnitude',
           'missing_energy_phi',
          #  high-level derived features
           'MET_rel',
           'axial_MET',
           'M_R',
           'M_TR_2',
           'R',
           'MT2',
           'S_R',
           'M_Delta_R',
           'dPhi_r_b',
           'cos(theta_r1)'
           ]

The entire dataset consists of 5 million rows. However, for the purpose of this tutorial, let's consider only a fraction of the dataset (100,000 rows) so that less time is spent on the moving the data and more time on understanding the functionality of the api.

susy_iterator = pd.read_csv('SUSY.csv.gz', header=None, names=COLUMNS, chunksize=100000)
susy_df = next(susy_iterator)
susy_df.head()

# Number of datapoints and columns
len(susy_df), len(susy_df.columns)

(100000, 19)

# Number of datapoints belonging to each class (0: background noise, 1: signal)
len(susy_df[susy_df["class"]==0]), len(susy_df[susy_df["class"]==1])

(54025, 45975)

Split the dataset

train_df, test_df = train_test_split(susy_df, test_size=0.4, shuffle=True)
print("Number of training samples: ",len(train_df))
print("Number of testing sample: ",len(test_df))

x_train_df = train_df.drop(["class"], axis=1)
y_train_df = train_df["class"]

x_test_df = test_df.drop(["class"], axis=1)
y_test_df = test_df["class"]

# The labels are set as the kafka message keys so as to store data
# in multiple-partitions. Thus, enabling efficient data retrieval
# using the consumer groups.
x_train = list(filter(None, x_train_df.to_csv(index=False).split("\n")[1:]))
y_train = list(filter(None, y_train_df.to_csv(index=False).split("\n")[1:]))

x_test = list(filter(None, x_test_df.to_csv(index=False).split("\n")[1:]))
y_test = list(filter(None, y_test_df.to_csv(index=False).split("\n")[1:]))

Number of training samples:  60000
Number of testing sample:  40000

NUM_COLUMNS = len(x_train_df.columns)
len(x_train), len(y_train), len(x_test), len(y_test)

(60000, 60000, 40000, 40000)

Store the train and test data in kafka

Storing the data in kafka simulates an environment for continuous remote data retrieval for training and inference purposes.

def error_callback(exc):
    raise Exception('Error while sendig data to kafka: {0}'.format(str(exc)))

def write_to_kafka(topic_name, items):
  count=0
  producer = KafkaProducer(bootstrap_servers=['127.0.0.1:9092'])
  for message, key in items:
    producer.send(topic_name, key=key.encode('utf-8'), value=message.encode('utf-8')).add_errback(error_callback)
    count+=1
  producer.flush()
  print("Wrote {0} messages into topic: {1}".format(count, topic_name))

write_to_kafka("susy-train", zip(x_train, y_train))
write_to_kafka("susy-test", zip(x_test, y_test))

Wrote 60000 messages into topic: susy-train
Wrote 40000 messages into topic: susy-test

Define the tfio train dataset

The IODataset class is utilized for streaming data from kafka into tensorflow. The class inherits from tf.data.Dataset and thus has all the useful functionalities of tf.data.Dataset out of the box.

def decode_kafka_item(item):
  message = tf.io.decode_csv(item.message, [[0.0] for i in range(NUM_COLUMNS)])
  key = tf.strings.to_number(item.key)
  return (message, key)

BATCH_SIZE=64
SHUFFLE_BUFFER_SIZE=64
train_ds = tfio.IODataset.from_kafka('susy-train', partition=0, offset=0)
train_ds = train_ds.shuffle(buffer_size=SHUFFLE_BUFFER_SIZE)
train_ds = train_ds.map(decode_kafka_item)
train_ds = train_ds.batch(BATCH_SIZE)

2022-01-07 20:29:21.602817: E tensorflow/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_driver.cc:271] failed call to cuInit: CUDA_ERROR_NO_DEVICE: no CUDA-capable device is detected

Build and train the model

# Set the parameters

OPTIMIZER="adam"
LOSS=tf.keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True)
METRICS=['accuracy']
EPOCHS=10

# design/build the model
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
  tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(NUM_COLUMNS,)),
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
  tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2),
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(256, activation='relu'),
  tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.4),
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
  tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.4),
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])

print(model.summary())

Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
 Layer (type)                Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
 dense (Dense)               (None, 128)               2432      
                                                                 
 dropout (Dropout)           (None, 128)               0         
                                                                 
 dense_1 (Dense)             (None, 256)               33024     
                                                                 
 dropout_1 (Dropout)         (None, 256)               0         
                                                                 
 dense_2 (Dense)             (None, 128)               32896     
                                                                 
 dropout_2 (Dropout)         (None, 128)               0         
                                                                 
 dense_3 (Dense)             (None, 1)                 129       
                                                                 
=================================================================
Total params: 68,481
Trainable params: 68,481
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
None

# compile the model
model.compile(optimizer=OPTIMIZER, loss=LOSS, metrics=METRICS)

# fit the model
model.fit(train_ds, epochs=EPOCHS)

Epoch 1/10
/tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow/python/util/dispatch.py:1082: UserWarning: "`binary_crossentropy` received `from_logits=True`, but the `output` argument was produced by a sigmoid or softmax activation and thus does not represent logits. Was this intended?"
  return dispatch_target(*args, **kwargs)
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 33ms/step - loss: 0.4817 - accuracy: 0.7691
Epoch 2/10
938/938 [==============================] - 30s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4550 - accuracy: 0.7875
Epoch 3/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4512 - accuracy: 0.7911
Epoch 4/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4487 - accuracy: 0.7940
Epoch 5/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4466 - accuracy: 0.7934
Epoch 6/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4459 - accuracy: 0.7933
Epoch 7/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4448 - accuracy: 0.7935
Epoch 8/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4439 - accuracy: 0.7950
Epoch 9/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4421 - accuracy: 0.7956
Epoch 10/10
938/938 [==============================] - 31s 32ms/step - loss: 0.4425 - accuracy: 0.7962
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fb364fd2a90>

Since only a fraction of the dataset is being utilized, our accuracy is limited to ~78% during the training phase. However, please feel free to store additional data in kafka for a better model performance. Also, since the goal was to just demonstrate the functionality of the tfio kafka datasets, a smaller and less-complicated neural network was used. However, one can increase the complexity of the model, modify the learning strategy, tune hyper-parameters etc for exploration purposes. For a baseline approach, please refer to this article.

Infer on the test data

To infer on the test data by adhering to the 'exactly-once' semantics along with fault-tolerance, the streaming.KafkaGroupIODataset can be utilized.

Define the tfio test dataset

The stream_timeout parameter blocks for the given duration for new data points to be streamed into the topic. This removes the need for creating new datasets if the data is being streamed into the topic in an intermittent fashion.

test_ds = tfio.experimental.streaming.KafkaGroupIODataset(
    topics=["susy-test"],
    group_id="testcg",
    servers="127.0.0.1:9092",
    stream_timeout=10000,
    configuration=[
        "session.timeout.ms=7000",
        "max.poll.interval.ms=8000",
        "auto.offset.reset=earliest"
    ],
)

def decode_kafka_test_item(raw_message, raw_key):
  message = tf.io.decode_csv(raw_message, [[0.0] for i in range(NUM_COLUMNS)])
  key = tf.strings.to_number(raw_key)
  return (message, key)

test_ds = test_ds.map(decode_kafka_test_item)
test_ds = test_ds.batch(BATCH_SIZE)

WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow_io/python/experimental/kafka_group_io_dataset_ops.py:188: take_while (from tensorflow.python.data.experimental.ops.take_while_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Use `tf.data.Dataset.take_while(...)

Though this class can be used for training purposes, there are caveats which need to be addressed. Once all the messages are read from kafka and the latest offsets are committed using the streaming.KafkaGroupIODataset, the consumer doesn't restart reading the messages from the beginning. Thus, while training, it is possible only to train for a single epoch with the data continuously flowing in. This kind of a functionality has limited use cases during the training phase wherein, once a datapoint has been consumed by the model it is no longer required and can be discarded.

However, this functionality shines when it comes to robust inference with exactly-once semantics.

evaluate the performance on the test data

res = model.evaluate(test_ds)
print("test loss, test acc:", res)

34/Unknown - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4434 - accuracy: 0.8194
2022-01-07 20:34:29.402707: E tensorflow_io/core/kernels/kafka_kernels.cc:774] REBALANCE: Local: Assign partitions
2022-01-07 20:34:29.406789: E tensorflow_io/core/kernels/kafka_kernels.cc:776] Retrieved committed offsets with status code: 0
625/625 [==============================] - 11s 17ms/step - loss: 0.4437 - accuracy: 0.7915
test loss, test acc: [0.4436523914337158, 0.7915250062942505]
2022-01-07 20:34:40.051954: E tensorflow_io/core/kernels/kafka_kernels.cc:1001] Local: Timed out

Since the inference is based on 'exactly-once' semantics, the evaluation on the test set can be run only once. In order to run the inference again on the test data, a new consumer group should be used.

Track the offset lag of the `testcg` consumer group

./kafka_2.13-2.7.2/bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --bootstrap-server 127.0.0.1:9092 --describe --group testcg

GROUP           TOPIC           PARTITION  CURRENT-OFFSET  LOG-END-OFFSET  LAG             CONSUMER-ID                                  HOST            CLIENT-ID
testcg          susy-test       0          21626           21626           0               rdkafka-534f63d0-b91e-4976-a3ca-832b6c91210e /10.142.0.103   rdkafka
testcg          susy-test       1          18374           18374           0               rdkafka-534f63d0-b91e-4976-a3ca-832b6c91210e /10.142.0.103   rdkafka

Once the current-offset matches the log-end-offset for all the partitions, it indicates that the consumer(s) have completed fetching all the messages from the kafka topic.

Online learning

The online machine learning paradigm is a bit different from the traditional/conventional way of training machine learning models. In the former case, the model continues to incrementally learn/update it's parameters as soon as the new data points are available and this process is expected to continue indefinitely. This is unlike the latter approaches where the dataset is fixed and the model iterates over it n number of times. In online learning, the data once consumed by the model may not be available for training again.

By utilizing the streaming.KafkaBatchIODataset, it is now possible to train the models in this fashion. Let's continue to use our SUSY dataset for demonstrating this functionality.

The tfio training dataset for online learning

The streaming.KafkaBatchIODataset is similar to the streaming.KafkaGroupIODataset in it's API. Additionally, it is recommended to utilize the stream_timeout parameter to configure the duration for which the dataset will block for new messages before timing out. In the instance below, the dataset is configured with a stream_timeout of 10000 milliseconds. This implies that, after all the messages from the topic have been consumed, the dataset will wait for an additional 10 seconds before timing out and disconnecting from the kafka cluster. If new messages are streamed into the topic before timing out, the data consumption and model training resumes for those newly consumed data points. To block indefinitely, set it to -1.

online_train_ds = tfio.experimental.streaming.KafkaBatchIODataset(
    topics=["susy-train"],
    group_id="cgonline",
    servers="127.0.0.1:9092",
    stream_timeout=10000, # in milliseconds, to block indefinitely, set it to -1.
    configuration=[
        "session.timeout.ms=7000",
        "max.poll.interval.ms=8000",
        "auto.offset.reset=earliest"
    ],
)

Every item that the online_train_ds generates is a tf.data.Dataset in itself. Thus, all the standard transformations can be applied as usual.

def decode_kafka_online_item(raw_message, raw_key):
  message = tf.io.decode_csv(raw_message, [[0.0] for i in range(NUM_COLUMNS)])
  key = tf.strings.to_number(raw_key)
  return (message, key)

for mini_ds in online_train_ds:
  mini_ds = mini_ds.shuffle(buffer_size=32)
  mini_ds = mini_ds.map(decode_kafka_online_item)
  mini_ds = mini_ds.batch(32)
  if len(mini_ds) > 0:
    model.fit(mini_ds, epochs=3)

2022-01-07 20:34:42.024915: E tensorflow_io/core/kernels/kafka_kernels.cc:774] REBALANCE: Local: Assign partitions
2022-01-07 20:34:42.025797: E tensorflow_io/core/kernels/kafka_kernels.cc:776] Retrieved committed offsets with status code: 0
Epoch 1/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4561 - accuracy: 0.7909
Epoch 2/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4538 - accuracy: 0.7909
Epoch 3/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4499 - accuracy: 0.7947
Epoch 1/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4347 - accuracy: 0.8018
Epoch 2/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4314 - accuracy: 0.8048
Epoch 3/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4286 - accuracy: 0.8063
Epoch 1/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4480 - accuracy: 0.7910
Epoch 2/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4425 - accuracy: 0.7945
Epoch 3/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4390 - accuracy: 0.7970
Epoch 1/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4434 - accuracy: 0.7965
Epoch 2/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4380 - accuracy: 0.7974
Epoch 3/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4354 - accuracy: 0.7992
Epoch 1/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4522 - accuracy: 0.7909
Epoch 2/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4475 - accuracy: 0.7910
Epoch 3/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4435 - accuracy: 0.7947
Epoch 1/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4464 - accuracy: 0.7906
Epoch 2/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4467 - accuracy: 0.7922
Epoch 3/3
313/313 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4424 - accuracy: 0.7933
2022-01-07 20:35:04.916208: E tensorflow_io/core/kernels/kafka_kernels.cc:1001] Local: Timed out

The incrementally trained model can be saved in a periodic fashion (based on use-cases) and can be utilized to infer on the test data in either online or offline modes.

References:

Baldi, P., P. Sadowski, and D. Whiteson. “Searching for Exotic Particles in High-energy Physics with Deep Learning.” Nature Communications 5 (July 2, 2014)
SUSY Dataset: https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/SUSY#