TFP リリースノートノートブック (0.11.0)

このノートブックでは、いくつかの小さなスニペット(デモ)を介して TFP 0.11.0 で実現できることを紹介します。

TensorFlow.org で表示 Google Colabで実行 GitHubでソースを表示 ノートブックをダウンロード

Installs & imports

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/statsmodels/tools/_testing.py:19: FutureWarning: pandas.util.testing is deprecated. Use the functions in the public API at pandas.testing instead.
  import pandas.util.testing as tm

TFP は JAX で実行可能

注意: ナイトリービルドでは、これは tfp.substrates に移動されました。

import jax
from jax.config import config
config.update('jax_enable_x64', True)

def demo_jax():
  from tensorflow_probability.python.experimental.substrates import jax as tfp
  tfd = tfp.distributions
  tfb = tfp.bijectors

  @jax.jit
  def vmap_sample(seeds):
    d = tfb.Shift(2.)(tfb.Scale(2.)(tfd.Normal(0, 1)))
    return jax.vmap(lambda seed: d.sample(seed=seed))(seeds)

  def vmap_grad(seeds, sh, sc):
    d = lambda sh, sc: tfb.Shift(sh)(tfb.Scale(sc)(tfd.Normal(0, 1)))
    return jax.vmap(
        jax.grad(lambda sh, sc, samp: d(sh, sc).log_prob(samp), 
                 argnums=(0,1,2)),
        in_axes=(None, None, 0))(sh, sc, vmap_sample(seeds))

  seed = jax.random.PRNGKey(123)
  seeds = jax.random.split(seed, 10)
  print('jit vmap sample:', vmap_sample(seeds))
  print('vmap grad:', vmap_grad(seeds, 2., 2.))

  @jax.jit
  def hmm_sample(seed):
    init, transition, obsv, sample = jax.random.split(seed, num=4)
    d = tfd.HiddenMarkovModel(
        initial_distribution=tfd.Categorical(logits=jax.random.uniform(init, [3]) + .1),
        transition_distribution=tfd.Categorical(logits=jax.random.uniform(transition, [3, 3]) + .1),
        observation_distribution=tfd.Normal(loc=jax.random.normal(obsv, [3]), scale=1.),
        num_steps=10)
    samps = d.sample(seed=sample)
    return samps, d.log_prob(samps)
  print('hmm:', hmm_sample(jax.random.PRNGKey(123)))

  @jax.jit
  def nuts(seed):
    return tfp.mcmc.sample_chain(
        num_results=10,
        num_burnin_steps=50,
        current_state=np.zeros([75]),
        kernel=tfp.mcmc.NoUTurnSampler(
            target_log_prob_fn=lambda x: -(x - .2)**2 / .05,
            step_size=.1),
        trace_fn=None,
        seed=seed)
  print('nuts:')
  plt.hist(nuts(seed=jax.random.PRNGKey(7)).reshape(-1), bins=20, density=True)

demo_jax()
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/jax/lib/xla_bridge.py:125: UserWarning: No GPU/TPU found, falling back to CPU.
  warnings.warn('No GPU/TPU found, falling back to CPU.')
jit vmap sample: [ 2.17746     2.6618252   3.427014   -0.80979496  5.87146     4.2002716
  1.2994273   1.2281269   3.5244293   4.1996603 ]
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/jax/numpy/lax_numpy.py:1531: FutureWarning: jax.numpy reductions won't accept lists and tuples in future versions, only scalars and ndarrays
  warnings.warn(msg, category=FutureWarning)
vmap grad: (DeviceArray([ 0.04436499,  0.1654563 ,  0.35675353, -0.70244873,
              0.96786499,  0.5500679 , -0.17514318, -0.19296828,
              0.38110733,  0.54991508], dtype=float64), DeviceArray([-0.4960635 , -0.44524843, -0.24545383,  0.48686844,
              1.37352526,  0.10514939, -0.43864973, -0.42552648,
             -0.20951441,  0.10481316], dtype=float64), DeviceArray([-0.04436499, -0.1654563 , -0.35675353,  0.7024487 ,
             -0.967865  , -0.5500679 ,  0.17514318,  0.19296828,
             -0.38110733, -0.5499151 ], dtype=float32))
hmm: (DeviceArray([-0.30260671, -0.38072154,  0.57980393, -0.30949971,
              1.22571819, -1.72733693, -1.13891736, -0.05021395,
              0.33300565, -0.31721795], dtype=float64), DeviceArray(-12.69673571, dtype=float64))
nuts:

png

シーケンシャルモンテカルロによる推論(実験的)

nmodes = 7
loc_prior = tfd.MultivariateNormalDiag(loc=[0, 0], scale_diag=[2, 2])
mode_locs = loc_prior.sample(nmodes, seed=(0, 1))
logits_prior = tfd.Uniform()
mode_logits = logits_prior.sample(nmodes, seed=(0, 2))

make_mvn = lambda locs: tfd.MultivariateNormalDiag(
    loc=locs, scale_diag=tf.ones_like(locs))
make_mixture = lambda locs, logits: tfd.MixtureSameFamily(
    mixture_distribution=tfd.Categorical(logits=logits),
    components_distribution=make_mvn(locs))

true_dist = make_mixture(mode_locs, mode_logits)

from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
x = np.linspace(-6, 6, 100)
y = np.linspace(-6, 6, 100)

X, Y = np.asarray(np.meshgrid(x, y), dtype=np.float32)

Z = true_dist.prob(tf.stack([X, Y], axis=-1))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(
    X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='coolwarm', edgecolor='none')
plt.title('source distribution')
plt.show()

data_size = 256
samps = true_dist.sample(data_size, seed=(0, 3))
sns.kdeplot(*samps.numpy().T)
plt.scatter(*samps.numpy().T)
plt.title('data')
plt.show()

png

png

nparticles = 2048
seed = ()
(n_stage, final_state, final_kernel_results
  ) = tfp.experimental.mcmc.sample_sequential_monte_carlo(
      prior_log_prob_fn=lambda locs, logits: (
          tf.reduce_sum(loc_prior.log_prob(locs)) +
          tf.reduce_sum(logits_prior.log_prob(logits))),
      likelihood_log_prob_fn=lambda locs, logits: (
          tfd.Sample(make_mixture(locs, logits), data_size).log_prob(samps)),
      current_state=(loc_prior.sample([nparticles, nmodes + 2]), 
                     logits_prior.sample([nparticles, nmodes + 2])),
)
# Identify any issues with particle weight collapse.
plt.figure(figsize=(5,2))
plt.plot(tf.sort(final_kernel_results.particle_info.tempered_log_prob));
plt.title(f'Sampling done in {n_stage} stage');

png

sampled_distributions = tfd.MixtureSameFamily(
    mixture_distribution=tfd.Categorical(
        logits=final_kernel_results.particle_info.tempered_log_prob),
    components_distribution=make_mixture(*final_state),
    name='ensembled_posterior')
print(sampled_distributions)
Z = sampled_distributions.prob(tf.stack([X, Y], axis=-1))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(
    X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='coolwarm', edgecolor='none')
plt.title('Ensembled posterior probability density')
plt.show()

samps2 = sampled_distributions.sample(256, seed=(0, 4))
sns.kdeplot(*samps2.numpy().T)
# sns.kdeplot(*samps.numpy().T)
plt.scatter(*samps2.numpy().T, alpha=.5, label='new samples')
plt.scatter(*samps.numpy().T, alpha=.5, label='observed')
plt.legend()
plt.title('samples from ensembled posterior')
plt.show()
tfp.distributions.MixtureSameFamily("ensembled_posterior", batch_shape=[], event_shape=[2], dtype=float32)

png

png

球形分布: SphericalUniform(新規)、PowerSpherical(新規)、VonMisesFisher

plot_spherical

Visualizing tfd.SphericalUniform in 3 dimensions

Visualizing tfd.PowerSpherical in 3 dimensions

Visualizing tfd.VonMisesFisher in 3 dimensions

新しいバイジェクター

tfb.Sinh

png

tfb.GompertzCDF

png

新しい分布

tfd.TruncatedCauchy

png

tfd.Bates (mean of n uniform samples)

png

tfd.LogLogistic

png

tfd.JohnsonSU

png

tfd.ContinuousBernoulli

png

tfd.Weibull

png

JointDistribution*AutoBatched を使用した自動ベクトル化サンプリング

同時分布でバッチの次元を正しく合わせるには、これを推薦します。

このようなコードを記述したことはありますか?

data = tf.random.stateless_normal([7], seed=(1,2))

@tfd.JointDistributionCoroutine
def model():
  root = tfd.JointDistributionCoroutine.Root
  scale = yield root(tfd.Gamma(1, 1, name='scale'))
  yield tfd.Normal(tf.zeros_like(data), scale)

model.sample()
(<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=4.1253977>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(7,), dtype=float32, numpy=
 array([-2.814606  ,  0.81064916, -1.1025742 , -1.8684998 , -2.9547117 ,
        -0.19623983, -0.15587877], dtype=float32)>)

そして、非スカラーのサンプルを抽出する例外に遭遇したことはありますか?

print(model.sample(1), '\n  (^^ silent badness: the second value lacks a leading (1,) shape)')
print('sampling (3,) will break:')
import traceback
try:
  model.sample(3)
except ValueError as e:
  traceback.print_exc()
(<tf.Tensor: shape=(1,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([0.15810375], dtype=float32)>, <tf.Tensor: shape=(7,), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([-0.03214252,  0.15187298, -0.08423525, -0.03807954,  0.25466064,
       -0.14433853,  0.2543037 ], dtype=float32)>) 
  (^^ silent badness: the second value lacks a leading (1,) shape)
sampling (3,) will break:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/normal.py", line 243, in _parameter_control_dependencies
    self._batch_shape()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/normal.py", line 176, in _batch_shape
    return tf.broadcast_static_shape(self.loc.shape, self.scale.shape)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/util/dispatch.py", line 201, in wrapper
    return target(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/array_ops.py", line 554, in broadcast_static_shape
    return common_shapes.broadcast_shape(shape_x, shape_y)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/common_shapes.py", line 107, in broadcast_shape
    % (shape_x, shape_y))
ValueError: Incompatible shapes for broadcasting: (7,) and (3,)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<ipython-input-28-ab2fdd83415c>", line 4, in <module>
    model.sample(3)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/distribution.py", line 939, in sample
    return self._call_sample_n(sample_shape, seed, name, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/joint_distribution.py", line 532, in _call_sample_n
    **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/internal/distribution_util.py", line 1324, in _fn
    return fn(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/joint_distribution.py", line 414, in _sample_n
    **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/joint_distribution.py", line 451, in _call_flat_sample_distributions
    ds, xs = self._flat_sample_distributions(sample_shape, seed, value)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/joint_distribution_coroutine.py", line 278, in _flat_sample_distributions
    d = gen.send(next_value)
  File "<ipython-input-19-d59a243cd9c8>", line 7, in model
    yield tfd.Normal(tf.zeros_like(data), scale)
  File "<decorator-gen-306>", line 2, in __init__
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/distribution.py", line 334, in wrapped_init
    default_init(self_, *args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/normal.py", line 148, in __init__
    name=name)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/distribution.py", line 552, in __init__
    d for d in self._parameter_control_dependencies(is_init=True)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow_probability/python/distributions/normal.py", line 248, in _parameter_control_dependencies
    self.loc.shape, self.scale.shape))
ValueError: Arguments `loc` and `scale` must have compatible shapes; loc.shape=(7,), scale.shape=(3,).

tfd.JointDistributionCoroutineAutoBatched などが使用できるようになりました

「スカラー」サンプリングルーチンを作成してから、任意のサンプル形状をドローします。

@tfd.JointDistributionCoroutineAutoBatched
def model_auto():
  scale = yield tfd.Gamma(1, 1, name='scale')
  yield tfd.Normal(tf.zeros_like(data), scale)

print(model_auto.sample(), '\n  (scalar sample)')
print(model_auto.sample(1), '\n  ((1,) sample)')
print(model_auto.sample(3), '\n  ((3,) sample)')
(<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=1.5234255>, <tf.Tensor: shape=(7,), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([-0.7177643 , -2.7825186 , -1.1250918 ,  0.57446253, -1.0755515 ,
        2.6673915 , -1.776087  ], dtype=float32)>) 
  (scalar sample)
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomUniformInt inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomUniformInt inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomStandardNormal inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomStandardNormal inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
(<tf.Tensor: shape=(1,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([0.48698178], dtype=float32)>, <tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 7), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[ 0.44244727, -0.548889  ,  0.29392514, -0.5249126 , -0.6618264 ,
         0.06925056, -0.32040703]], dtype=float32)>) 
  ((1,) sample)
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomUniformInt inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomUniformInt inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
WARNING:tensorflow:Note that RandomStandardNormal inside pfor op may not give same output as inside a sequential loop.
(<tf.Tensor: shape=(3,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([0.5501703, 1.9277483, 2.7804365], dtype=float32)>, <tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 7), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[-1.1568309 ,  0.02062727,  0.04918252, -0.08978909,  0.6446161 ,
        -0.16725235, -0.27897784],
       [-2.9246418 , -1.2733852 ,  1.0071639 , -0.4655921 , -4.1095695 ,
         0.1298227 ,  3.0307395 ],
       [-2.7411313 ,  1.6211014 , -1.600051  , -1.4009917 ,  4.081262  ,
         1.7097493 ,  2.8525631 ]], dtype=float32)>) 
  ((3,) sample)
(<tf.Tensor: shape=(3,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([0.5501703, 1.9277483, 2.7804365], dtype=float32)>, <tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 7), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[-1.1568309 ,  0.02062727,  0.04918252, -0.08978909,  0.6446161 ,
        -0.16725235, -0.27897784],
       [-2.9246418 , -1.2733852 ,  1.0071639 , -0.4655921 , -4.1095695 ,
         0.1298227 ,  3.0307395 ],
       [-2.7411313 ,  1.6211014 , -1.600051  , -1.4009917 ,  4.081262  ,
         1.7097493 ,  2.8525631 ]], dtype=float32)>) 
  ((3,) sample)

eager でも再現性のあるサンプリング

tf.random.set_seed(123)
print('Stateful sampling:\t\t', 
      tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=234),
      'then', 
      tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=234))  

# Why are they different?
# TF samplers are stateful by default (TF maintains is a global PRNG).
# How to get reproducible results in eager mode?
tf.random.set_seed(123)
print('Stateful sampling (set_seed):\t',
      tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=234))

# And what about tf.function?
@tf.function
def sample_normal():
  return tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=234)
tf.random.set_seed(123)
print('tf.function:\t\t', sample_normal(), 'vs', sample_normal())
tf.random.set_seed(123)
print('tf.function (set_seed):\t', sample_normal())

# Using a Tensor seed (or a tuple, which TFP will convert to a tensor) induces
# TFP behavior analagous to the tf.random.stateless_* ops. This sampling 
# is fully deterministic.
print('Stateless sampling (tuple):\t\t',
      tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=(1, 23)))
print('Stateless sampling (tensor):\t\t',
      tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=tf.constant([1, 23], dtype=tf.int32)))
# Even in tf.function
@tf.function
def sample_normal():
  return tfd.Normal(0, 1).sample(seed=(1, 23))
print('Stateless sampling (tf.function):\t', sample_normal())

# And independent of global seeds.
tf.random.set_seed(321)
print('Stateless sampling (ignores set_seed):\t', sample_normal())
Stateful sampling:         tf.Tensor(0.54054874, shape=(), dtype=float32) then tf.Tensor(-1.5518123, shape=(), dtype=float32)
Stateful sampling (set_seed):  tf.Tensor(0.54054874, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.function:       tf.Tensor(0.54054874, shape=(), dtype=float32) vs tf.Tensor(-1.5518123, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.function (set_seed):    tf.Tensor(0.54054874, shape=(), dtype=float32)
Stateless sampling (tuple):        tf.Tensor(-0.36107817, shape=(), dtype=float32)
Stateless sampling (tensor):       tf.Tensor(-0.36107817, shape=(), dtype=float32)
Stateless sampling (tf.function):  tf.Tensor(-0.36107817, shape=(), dtype=float32)
Stateless sampling (ignores set_seed):     tf.Tensor(-0.36107817, shape=(), dtype=float32)

同様に、tfp.mcmc.sample_chain はステートレスシードを受け入れるようになりました

これは基礎となるカーネルに渡され、ランダムな提案を行う場合は、one_step への seed 引数を受け入れるように更新する必要があります。(組み込みのカーネルはすでに更新されています。)

kernel = tfp.mcmc.HamiltonianMonteCarlo(lambda x: -(x - .2)**2,
                                        step_size=1.,
                                        num_leapfrog_steps=2)
print_n_lines = lambda x, n: print('\n'.join(repr(x).split('\n')[:n] + ['...']))
print_n_lines(
    tfp.mcmc.sample_chain(
        num_results=5,
        num_burnin_steps=100,
        current_state=tf.zeros([3]),
        kernel=kernel,
        trace_fn=lambda state, kr: kr,
        seed=(1, 2)),
    17)
print('And again (reproducibly)...')
print_n_lines(
    tfp.mcmc.sample_chain(
        num_results=5,
        num_burnin_steps=100,
        current_state=tf.zeros([3]),
        kernel=kernel,
        trace_fn=lambda state, kr: kr,
        seed=(1, 2)),
    17)
StatesAndTrace(
  all_states=<tf.Tensor: shape=(5, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
    array([[ 4.0000078e-01,  3.9999962e-01,  3.9999855e-01],
           [-8.3446503e-07,  3.5762787e-07,  1.5497208e-06],
           [ 4.0000081e-01,  3.9999965e-01,  3.9999846e-01],
           [-8.3446503e-07,  4.7683716e-07,  1.5497208e-06],
           [ 4.0000087e-01,  3.9999962e-01,  3.9999843e-01]], dtype=float32)>,
  trace=MetropolisHastingsKernelResults(
      accepted_results=UncalibratedHamiltonianMonteCarloKernelResults(
          log_acceptance_correction=<tf.Tensor: shape=(5, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
            array([[ 0.0000000e+00, -2.9802322e-08,  0.0000000e+00],
                   [ 5.9604645e-08,  1.1175871e-08,  1.1920929e-07],
                   [-2.9802322e-08, -2.7939677e-09,  2.7939677e-09],
                   [ 0.0000000e+00,  0.0000000e+00, -5.9604645e-08],
                   [ 1.4901161e-08, -1.7881393e-07,  0.0000000e+00]], dtype=float32)>,
          target_log_prob=<tf.Tensor: shape=(5, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
            array([[-0.04000031, -0.03999985, -0.03999942],
...
And again (reproducibly)...
StatesAndTrace(
  all_states=<tf.Tensor: shape=(5, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
    array([[ 4.0000078e-01,  3.9999962e-01,  3.9999855e-01],
           [-8.3446503e-07,  3.5762787e-07,  1.5497208e-06],
           [ 4.0000081e-01,  3.9999965e-01,  3.9999846e-01],
           [-8.3446503e-07,  4.7683716e-07,  1.5497208e-06],
           [ 4.0000087e-01,  3.9999962e-01,  3.9999843e-01]], dtype=float32)>,
  trace=MetropolisHastingsKernelResults(
      accepted_results=UncalibratedHamiltonianMonteCarloKernelResults(
          log_acceptance_correction=<tf.Tensor: shape=(5, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
            array([[ 0.0000000e+00, -2.9802322e-08,  0.0000000e+00],
                   [ 5.9604645e-08,  1.1175871e-08,  1.1920929e-07],
                   [-2.9802322e-08, -2.7939677e-09,  2.7939677e-09],
                   [ 0.0000000e+00,  0.0000000e+00, -5.9604645e-08],
                   [ 1.4901161e-08, -1.7881393e-07,  0.0000000e+00]], dtype=float32)>,
          target_log_prob=<tf.Tensor: shape=(5, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
            array([[-0.04000031, -0.03999985, -0.03999942],
...

MCMC カーネルの結果を出力する

tfp.mcmc.RandomWalkMetropolis(tfd.Uniform(0, 10).log_prob).bootstrap_results(1.)
MetropolisHastingsKernelResults(
  accepted_results=UncalibratedRandomWalkResults(
      log_acceptance_correction=<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=0.0>,
      target_log_prob=<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=-2.3025851>,
      seed=[]
    ),
  is_accepted=<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=bool, numpy=True>,
  log_accept_ratio=<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=0.0>,
  proposed_state=1.0,
  proposed_results=UncalibratedRandomWalkResults(
      log_acceptance_correction=<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=0.0>,
      target_log_prob=<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=-2.3025851>,
      seed=<tf.Tensor: shape=(2,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([0, 0], dtype=int32)>
    ),
  extra=[],
  seed=<tf.Tensor: shape=(2,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([0, 0], dtype=int32)>
)

CompositeTensor (実験的)

tf.function のトレースを省きます。tf.function から分布を返します。

@tf.function
def get_mean(d):
  return d.mean()

print(get_mean(tfp.experimental.as_composite(tfd.BetaBinomial(100., 2., 7.))))

@tf.function
def returns_dist(logits):
  return tfp.experimental.as_composite(tfd.Binomial(10., logits=logits))

print(returns_dist(tf.constant(0.)),
      returns_dist(tf.constant(0.)).sample(seed=(2, 3)))
tf.Tensor(22.222221, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tfp.distributions.BinomialCT("Binomial", batch_shape=[], event_shape=[], dtype=float32) tf.Tensor(5.0, shape=(), dtype=float32)

ご存知ですか: バッチスライス分布

def demo_batch_slice():
  d = tfd.Normal(
      loc=tf.random.stateless_normal([100, 20, 3], seed=(1,2)),
      scale=1.)
  print(d, '\n  (original dist)')
  print(d[0], '\n  (0th element of the first batch dimension)')
  print(d[::2, ..., 1], '\n  (every other element of first dim  x  middle element of final dim)\n')

  d = tfd.Dirichlet(
      concentration=tf.random.stateless_uniform([100, 20, 3, 7], seed=(1,2)))
  print(d, '\n  (original dist)')
  print(d[:, 0], '\n  (0th element of the second dimension)')
  print(d[::2, ..., 1], '\n  (every other element of first dim  x  middle element of final dim)')
demo_batch_slice()
tfp.distributions.Normal("Normal", batch_shape=[100, 20, 3], event_shape=[], dtype=float32) 
  (original dist)
tfp.distributions.Normal("Normal", batch_shape=[20, 3], event_shape=[], dtype=float32) 
  (0th element of the first batch dimension)
tfp.distributions.Normal("Normal", batch_shape=[50, 20], event_shape=[], dtype=float32) 
  (every other element of first dim  x  middle element of final dim)

tfp.distributions.Dirichlet("Dirichlet", batch_shape=[100, 20, 3], event_shape=[7], dtype=float32) 
  (original dist)
tfp.distributions.Dirichlet("Dirichlet", batch_shape=[100, 3], event_shape=[7], dtype=float32) 
  (0th element of the second dimension)
tfp.distributions.Dirichlet("Dirichlet", batch_shape=[50, 20], event_shape=[7], dtype=float32) 
  (every other element of first dim  x  middle element of final dim)

ランダムノベルティ:シグモイドコックス(不均一ポアソン)過程のサンプリング

Adams et al. で提案されている細線化を使用します。

同様の細線化アプローチは、強度の上限を使用して、不均一なイベントをサンプリングする非可逆 MCMC に対するいくつかのアプローチに関連していることに注意してください(例:ジグザグや往復する粒子サンプラー)。

def sigmoidal_cox_process():
  V = 20.
  lam0 = 3.
  n_homog = tfd.Poisson(V * lam0).sample(seed=(0, 1))
  homog_locs = tf.sort(tfd.Uniform(0., V).sample(n_homog, seed=(0, 2)))
  homog_intensities = tfd.GaussianProcess(
      tfpk.MaternThreeHalves(), 
      index_points=homog_locs[:, tf.newaxis]).sample(seed=(0, 3))

  plt.figure(figsize=(15,10))
  plt.title('sampling a non-homogenous poisson process')
  plt.hlines(lam0, xmin=0., xmax=V)

  sigm_int = tf.math.sigmoid(homog_intensities) * lam0

  sp = scipy.interpolate.make_interp_spline(homog_locs, sigm_int)
  xs = np.linspace(homog_locs[0], homog_locs[-1], 100)
  ys = scipy.interpolate.splev(xs, sp)
  plt.plot(xs, ys)

  plt.scatter(homog_locs, sigm_int, s=5., c='black')

  unif = tfd.Uniform(0, lam0).sample(n_homog)
  plt.scatter(homog_locs, tf.where(unif < sigm_int, np.nan, unif), c='r', marker='x')
  plt.scatter(homog_locs, tf.where(unif > sigm_int, np.nan, unif), c='g', marker='x')

  plt.vlines(homog_locs, 0, -.07, colors='gray', )
  plt.text(.8, -.06, 'homogenous', dict(fontsize='medium'), horizontalalignment='right')

  nonhomog_locs = tf.gather(homog_locs, tf.where(unif < sigm_int))
  plt.vlines(nonhomog_locs, -.1, -.17, colors='black')
  plt.text(.8, -.16, 'thinned', dict(fontsize='medium'), horizontalalignment='right')
  plt.show()

sigmoidal_cox_process()

png

ご存知ですか: GP のバッチ

ガウス過程は、関数全体の分布です。ここでは、カーネルと一連のインデックスポイントによってパラメータ化し、バッチ処理の動作の一部を紹介します。

(TFP は GP 回帰モデルもサポートします。このモデルでは、観測されたインデックスポイントでの観測により、一連のインデックスポイントの関数の事後分布が決定されます。tfd.GaussianProcessRegressionModel を参照してください。)

from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
x = np.linspace(-6, 6, 9)
y = np.linspace(-6, 6, 9)

X, Y = np.asarray(np.meshgrid(x, y), dtype=np.float32)

print('We can set up a single GP over many examples of 2d feature')
gp = tfd.GaussianProcess(
    tfpk.ExponentiatedQuadratic(length_scale=3., feature_ndims=1),
    index_points=tf.reshape(tf.stack([X, Y], axis=-1), (-1, 2)),
    jitter=1e-3)
print(gp)
Z = tf.reshape(gp.sample(seed=(0,3)), X.shape)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(
    X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='coolwarm', edgecolor='none');
ax.set_xlabel('x');ax.set_ylabel('y');
ax.set_title('81 x 2 index points (single GP over all pts)')
plt.show()

print('We can have a batch of independent GPs with their own sets of index points.')
batch_gp = tfd.GaussianProcess(
    tfpk.ExponentiatedQuadratic(length_scale=3., feature_ndims=1),
    index_points=tf.stack([X, Y], axis=-1),
    jitter=1e-3)
print(batch_gp)
Z_batch = batch_gp.sample(seed=(5,7))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(
    X, Y, Z_batch, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='coolwarm', edgecolor='none');
ax.set_xlabel('x');ax.set_ylabel('y');
ax.set_title('9 x 9 x 2 index points (9 indep GPs, one at each y position)');
plt.show()

print('We can also have a corresponding batch of kernels.')
kernel = tfpk.ExponentiatedQuadratic(length_scale=3.,
                                     amplitude=tf.linspace(1., 20., 9),
                                     feature_ndims=1)
print(kernel)
batch_gp_kernel = tfd.GaussianProcess(
    kernel,
    index_points=tf.stack([X, Y], axis=-1),
    jitter=1e-3)
print(batch_gp_kernel)
Z_batch_kernel = batch_gp_kernel.sample(seed=(5,7))

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(
    X, Y, Z_batch_kernel, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='coolwarm', edgecolor='none');
ax.set_xlabel('x');ax.set_ylabel('y');
ax.set_title('9 x 9 x 2 index points, batch of kernels across y dim');
We can set up a single GP over many examples of 2d feature
tfp.distributions.GaussianProcess("GaussianProcess", batch_shape=[], event_shape=[81], dtype=float32)

png

We can also have a corresponding batch of kernels.
tfp.math.psd_kernels.ExponentiatedQuadratic("ExponentiatedQuadratic", batch_shape=(9,), feature_ndims=1, dtype=float32)
tfp.distributions.GaussianProcess("GaussianProcess", batch_shape=[9], event_shape=[9], dtype=float32)

png

We can also have a corresponding batch of kernels.
tfp.math.psd_kernels.ExponentiatedQuadratic("ExponentiatedQuadratic", batch_shape=(9,), feature_ndims=1, dtype=float32)
tfp.distributions.GaussianProcess("GaussianProcess", batch_shape=[9], event_shape=[9], dtype=float32)

png