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TF-Hub is a platform to share machine learning expertise packaged in reusable resources, notably pre-trained modules. In this tutorial, we will use a TF-Hub text embedding module to train a simple sentiment classifier with a reasonable baseline accuracy. We will then submit the predictions to Kaggle.
For more detailed tutorial on text classification with TF-Hub and further steps for improving the accuracy, take a look at Text classification with TF-Hub.
Setup
pip install -q kaggle
import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_hub as hub
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import zipfile
from sklearn import model_selection
Since this tutorial will be using a dataset from Kaggle, it requires creating an API Token for your Kaggle account, and uploading it to the Colab environment.
import os
import pathlib
# Upload the API token.
def get_kaggle():
try:
import kaggle
return kaggle
except OSError:
pass
token_file = pathlib.Path("~/.kaggle/kaggle.json").expanduser()
token_file.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
try:
from google.colab import files
except ImportError:
raise ValueError("Could not find kaggle token.")
uploaded = files.upload()
token_content = uploaded.get('kaggle.json', None)
if token_content:
token_file.write_bytes(token_content)
token_file.chmod(0o600)
else:
raise ValueError('Need a file named "kaggle.json"')
import kaggle
return kaggle
kaggle = get_kaggle()
Getting started
Data
We will try to solve the Sentiment Analysis on Movie Reviews task from Kaggle. The dataset consists of syntactic subphrases of the Rotten Tomatoes movie reviews. The task is to label the phrases as negative or positive on the scale from 1 to 5.
You must accept the competition rules before you can use the API to download the data.
SENTIMENT_LABELS = [
"negative", "somewhat negative", "neutral", "somewhat positive", "positive"
]
# Add a column with readable values representing the sentiment.
def add_readable_labels_column(df, sentiment_value_column):
df["SentimentLabel"] = df[sentiment_value_column].replace(
range(5), SENTIMENT_LABELS)
# Download data from Kaggle and create a DataFrame.
def load_data_from_zip(path):
with zipfile.ZipFile(path, "r") as zip_ref:
name = zip_ref.namelist()[0]
with zip_ref.open(name) as zf:
return pd.read_csv(zf, sep="\t", index_col=0)
# The data does not come with a validation set so we'll create one from the
# training set.
def get_data(competition, train_file, test_file, validation_set_ratio=0.1):
data_path = pathlib.Path("data")
kaggle.api.competition_download_files(competition, data_path)
competition_path = (data_path/competition)
competition_path.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
competition_zip_path = competition_path.with_suffix(".zip")
with zipfile.ZipFile(competition_zip_path, "r") as zip_ref:
zip_ref.extractall(competition_path)
train_df = load_data_from_zip(competition_path/train_file)
test_df = load_data_from_zip(competition_path/test_file)
# Add a human readable label.
add_readable_labels_column(train_df, "Sentiment")
# We split by sentence ids, because we don't want to have phrases belonging
# to the same sentence in both training and validation set.
train_indices, validation_indices = model_selection.train_test_split(
np.unique(train_df["SentenceId"]),
test_size=validation_set_ratio,
random_state=0)
validation_df = train_df[train_df["SentenceId"].isin(validation_indices)]
train_df = train_df[train_df["SentenceId"].isin(train_indices)]
print("Split the training data into %d training and %d validation examples." %
(len(train_df), len(validation_df)))
return train_df, validation_df, test_df
train_df, validation_df, test_df = get_data(
"sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews",
"train.tsv.zip", "test.tsv.zip")
Split the training data into 140315 training and 15745 validation examples.
train_df.head(20)
Training an Model
class MyModel(tf.keras.Model):
def __init__(self, hub_url):
super().__init__()
self.hub_url = hub_url
self.embed = hub.load(self.hub_url).signatures['default']
self.sequential = tf.keras.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Dense(500),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(100),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(5),
])
def call(self, inputs):
phrases = inputs['Phrase'][:,0]
embedding = 5*self.embed(phrases)['default']
return self.sequential(embedding)
def get_config(self):
return {"hub_url":self.hub_url}
model = MyModel("https://tfhub.dev/google/nnlm-en-dim128/1")
model.compile(
loss = tf.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
optimizer=tf.optimizers.Adam(),
metrics = [tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name="accuracy")])
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/resource_variable_ops.py:1817: calling BaseResourceVariable.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.resource_variable_ops) with constraint is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: If using Keras pass *_constraint arguments to layers. Warning:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/resource_variable_ops.py:1817: calling BaseResourceVariable.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.resource_variable_ops) with constraint is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: If using Keras pass *_constraint arguments to layers.
history = model.fit(x=dict(train_df), y=train_df['Sentiment'],
validation_data=(dict(validation_df), validation_df['Sentiment']),
epochs = 25)
Epoch 1/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 11s 3ms/step - loss: 1.0242 - accuracy: 0.5859 - val_loss: 0.9890 - val_accuracy: 0.5906 Epoch 2/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9994 - accuracy: 0.5952 - val_loss: 0.9910 - val_accuracy: 0.5867 Epoch 3/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9951 - accuracy: 0.5972 - val_loss: 0.9873 - val_accuracy: 0.5931 Epoch 4/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 11s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9933 - accuracy: 0.5967 - val_loss: 0.9851 - val_accuracy: 0.5933 Epoch 5/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 11s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9919 - accuracy: 0.5974 - val_loss: 0.9826 - val_accuracy: 0.5936 Epoch 6/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9905 - accuracy: 0.5981 - val_loss: 0.9822 - val_accuracy: 0.5966 Epoch 7/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9902 - accuracy: 0.5989 - val_loss: 0.9780 - val_accuracy: 0.5954 Epoch 8/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9888 - accuracy: 0.5987 - val_loss: 0.9846 - val_accuracy: 0.5942 Epoch 9/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9887 - accuracy: 0.5988 - val_loss: 0.9826 - val_accuracy: 0.5940 Epoch 10/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9882 - accuracy: 0.5988 - val_loss: 0.9774 - val_accuracy: 0.6039 Epoch 11/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9878 - accuracy: 0.5991 - val_loss: 0.9818 - val_accuracy: 0.5912 Epoch 12/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9875 - accuracy: 0.5998 - val_loss: 0.9754 - val_accuracy: 0.5967 Epoch 13/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9872 - accuracy: 0.6000 - val_loss: 0.9820 - val_accuracy: 0.5979 Epoch 14/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9874 - accuracy: 0.5991 - val_loss: 0.9842 - val_accuracy: 0.5904 Epoch 15/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9869 - accuracy: 0.5993 - val_loss: 0.9791 - val_accuracy: 0.5987 Epoch 16/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9867 - accuracy: 0.5993 - val_loss: 0.9755 - val_accuracy: 0.5997 Epoch 17/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9866 - accuracy: 0.5997 - val_loss: 0.9816 - val_accuracy: 0.5940 Epoch 18/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9864 - accuracy: 0.5993 - val_loss: 0.9765 - val_accuracy: 0.6031 Epoch 19/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 11s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9863 - accuracy: 0.5998 - val_loss: 0.9849 - val_accuracy: 0.5938 Epoch 20/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 12s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9864 - accuracy: 0.5991 - val_loss: 0.9780 - val_accuracy: 0.6007 Epoch 21/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 11s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9859 - accuracy: 0.5997 - val_loss: 0.9758 - val_accuracy: 0.6003 Epoch 22/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 13s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9857 - accuracy: 0.5995 - val_loss: 0.9861 - val_accuracy: 0.5880 Epoch 23/25 4385/4385 [==============================] - 11s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9862 - accuracy: 0.5996 - val_loss: 0.9765 - val_accuracy: 0.5978 Epoch 24/25 2532/4385 [================>.............] - ETA: 4s - loss: 0.9856 - accuracy: 0.5998
Prediction
Run predictions for the validation set and training set.
plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'])
plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'])
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f0eec3a5908>]
train_eval_result = model.evaluate(dict(train_df), train_df['Sentiment'])
validation_eval_result = model.evaluate(dict(validation_df), validation_df['Sentiment'])
print(f"Training set accuracy: {train_eval_result[1]}")
print(f"Validation set accuracy: {validation_eval_result[1]}")
4385/4385 [==============================] - 9s 2ms/step - loss: 0.9817 - accuracy: 0.6022 493/493 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.9757 - accuracy: 0.5980 Training set accuracy: 0.6022164225578308 Validation set accuracy: 0.5980311036109924
Confusion matrix
Another very interesting statistic, especially for multiclass problems, is the confusion matrix. The confusion matrix allows visualization of the proportion of correctly and incorrectly labelled examples. We can easily see how much our classifier is biased and whether the distribution of labels makes sense. Ideally the largest fraction of predictions should be distributed along the diagonal.
predictions = model.predict(dict(validation_df))
predictions = tf.argmax(predictions, axis=-1)
predictions
<tf.Tensor: shape=(15745,), dtype=int64, numpy=array([1, 1, 2, ..., 2, 2, 2])>
cm = tf.math.confusion_matrix(validation_df['Sentiment'], predictions)
cm = cm/cm.numpy().sum(axis=1)[:, tf.newaxis]
sns.heatmap(
cm, annot=True,
xticklabels=SENTIMENT_LABELS,
yticklabels=SENTIMENT_LABELS)
plt.xlabel("Predicted")
plt.ylabel("True")
Text(32.99999999999999, 0.5, 'True')
We can easily submit the predictions back to Kaggle by pasting the following code to a code cell and executing it:
test_predictions = model.predict(dict(test_df))
test_predictions = np.argmax(test_predictions, axis=-1)
result_df = test_df.copy()
result_df["Predictions"] = test_predictions
result_df.to_csv(
"predictions.csv",
columns=["Predictions"],
header=["Sentiment"])
kaggle.api.competition_submit("predictions.csv", "Submitted from Colab",
"sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews")
After submitting, check the leaderboard to see how you did.