Estimators

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This document introduces tf.estimator—a high-level TensorFlow API. Estimators encapsulate the following actions:

training
evaluation
prediction
export for serving

You may either use the pre-made Estimators we provide or write your own custom Estimators. All Estimators—whether pre-made or custom—are classes based on the tf.estimator.Estimator class.

For a quick example try Estimator tutorials. For an overview of the API design, see the white paper.

Advantages

Similar to a tf.keras.Model, an estimator is a model-level abstraction. The tf.estimator provides some capabilities currently still under development for tf.keras. These are:

Parameter server based training
Full TFX integration.

Estimators Capabilities

Estimators provide the following benefits:

You can run Estimator-based models on a local host or on a distributed multi-server environment without changing your model. Furthermore, you can run Estimator-based models on CPUs, GPUs, or TPUs without recoding your model.
Estimators provide a safe distributed training loop that controls how and when to:
- load data
- handle exceptions
- create checkpoint files and recover from failures
- save summaries for TensorBoard

When writing an application with Estimators, you must separate the data input pipeline from the model. This separation simplifies experiments with different data sets.

Pre-made Estimators

Pre-made Estimators enable you to work at a much higher conceptual level than the base TensorFlow APIs. You no longer have to worry about creating the computational graph or sessions since Estimators handle all the "plumbing" for you. Furthermore, pre-made Estimators let you experiment with different model architectures by making only minimal code changes. tf.estimator.DNNClassifier, for example, is a pre-made Estimator class that trains classification models based on dense, feed-forward neural networks.

Structure of a pre-made Estimators program

A TensorFlow program relying on a pre-made Estimator typically consists of the following four steps:

1. Write one or more dataset importing functions.

For example, you might create one function to import the training set and another function to import the test set. Each dataset importing function must return two objects:

a dictionary in which the keys are feature names and the values are Tensors (or SparseTensors) containing the corresponding feature data
a Tensor containing one or more labels

For example, the following code illustrates the basic skeleton for an input function:

def input_fn(dataset):
    ...  # manipulate dataset, extracting the feature dict and the label
    return feature_dict, label

See data guide for details.

2. Define the feature columns.

Each tf.feature_column identifies a feature name, its type, and any input pre-processing. For example, the following snippet creates three feature columns that hold integer or floating-point data. The first two feature columns simply identify the feature's name and type. The third feature column also specifies a lambda the program will invoke to scale the raw data:

# Define three numeric feature columns.
population = tf.feature_column.numeric_column('population')
crime_rate = tf.feature_column.numeric_column('crime_rate')
median_education = tf.feature_column.numeric_column(
  'median_education',
  normalizer_fn=lambda x: x - global_education_mean)

For further information, see the feature columns tutorial.

3. Instantiate the relevant pre-made Estimator.

For example, here's a sample instantiation of a pre-made Estimator named LinearClassifier:

# Instantiate an estimator, passing the feature columns.
estimator = tf.estimator.LinearClassifier(
  feature_columns=[population, crime_rate, median_education])

For further information, see the linear classifier tutorial.

4. Call a training, evaluation, or inference method.

For example, all Estimators provide a train method, which trains a model.

# `input_fn` is the function created in Step 1
estimator.train(input_fn=my_training_set, steps=2000)

You can see an example of this below.

Benefits of pre-made Estimators

Pre-made Estimators encode best practices, providing the following benefits:

Best practices for determining where different parts of the computational graph should run, implementing strategies on a single machine or on a cluster.
Best practices for event (summary) writing and universally useful summaries.

If you don't use pre-made Estimators, you must implement the preceding features yourself.

Custom Estimators

The heart of every Estimator—whether pre-made or custom—is its model function, which is a method that builds graphs for training, evaluation, and prediction. When you are using a pre-made Estimator, someone else has already implemented the model function. When relying on a custom Estimator, you must write the model function yourself.

Recommended workflow

Assuming a suitable pre-made Estimator exists, use it to build your first model and use its results to establish a baseline.
Build and test your overall pipeline, including the integrity and reliability of your data with this pre-made Estimator.
If suitable alternative pre-made Estimators are available, run experiments to determine which pre-made Estimator produces the best results.
Possibly, further improve your model by building your own custom Estimator.

import tensorflow as tf

import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
tfds.disable_progress_bar()

Create an Estimator from a Keras model

You can convert existing Keras models to Estimators with tf.keras.estimator.model_to_estimator. Doing so enables your Keras model to access Estimator's strengths, such as distributed training.

Instantiate a Keras MobileNet V2 model and compile the model with the optimizer, loss, and metrics to train with:

keras_mobilenet_v2 = tf.keras.applications.MobileNetV2(
    input_shape=(160, 160, 3), include_top=False)
keras_mobilenet_v2.trainable = False

estimator_model = tf.keras.Sequential([
    keras_mobilenet_v2,
    tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D(),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)
])

# Compile the model
estimator_model.compile(
    optimizer='adam',
    loss=tf.keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
    metrics=['accuracy'])

Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/keras-applications/mobilenet_v2/mobilenet_v2_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels_1.0_160_no_top.h5
9412608/9406464 [==============================] - 1s 0us/step

Create an Estimator from the compiled Keras model. The initial model state of the Keras model is preserved in the created Estimator:

est_mobilenet_v2 = tf.keras.estimator.model_to_estimator(keras_model=estimator_model)

INFO:tensorflow:Using default config.
WARNING:tensorflow:Using temporary folder as model directory: /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi
INFO:tensorflow:Using the Keras model provided.
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/resource_variable_ops.py:1666: calling BaseResourceVariable.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.resource_variable_ops) with constraint is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
If using Keras pass *_constraint arguments to layers.
INFO:tensorflow:Using config: {'_model_dir': '/tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi', '_tf_random_seed': None, '_save_summary_steps': 100, '_save_checkpoints_steps': None, '_save_checkpoints_secs': 600, '_session_config': allow_soft_placement: true
graph_options {
  rewrite_options {
    meta_optimizer_iterations: ONE
  }
}
, '_keep_checkpoint_max': 5, '_keep_checkpoint_every_n_hours': 10000, '_log_step_count_steps': 100, '_train_distribute': None, '_device_fn': None, '_protocol': None, '_eval_distribute': None, '_experimental_distribute': None, '_experimental_max_worker_delay_secs': None, '_session_creation_timeout_secs': 7200, '_service': None, '_cluster_spec': ClusterSpec({}), '_task_type': 'worker', '_task_id': 0, '_global_id_in_cluster': 0, '_master': '', '_evaluation_master': '', '_is_chief': True, '_num_ps_replicas': 0, '_num_worker_replicas': 1}

Treat the derived Estimator as you would with any other Estimator.

IMG_SIZE = 160  # All images will be resized to 160x160

def preprocess(image, label):
  image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32)
  image = (image/127.5) - 1
  image = tf.image.resize(image, (IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE))
  return image, label

def train_input_fn(batch_size):
  data = tfds.load('cats_vs_dogs', as_supervised=True)
  train_data = data['train']
  train_data = train_data.map(preprocess).shuffle(500).batch(batch_size)
  return train_data

To train, call Estimator's train function:

est_mobilenet_v2.train(input_fn=lambda: train_input_fn(32), steps=500)

WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/training_util.py:236: Variable.initialized_value (from tensorflow.python.ops.variables) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Use Variable.read_value. Variables in 2.X are initialized automatically both in eager and graph (inside tf.defun) contexts.
Downloading and preparing dataset cats_vs_dogs/4.0.0 (download: 786.68 MiB, generated: Unknown size, total: 786.68 MiB) to /home/kbuilder/tensorflow_datasets/cats_vs_dogs/4.0.0...

/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:860: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings
  InsecureRequestWarning)
WARNING:absl:1738 images were corrupted and were skipped

Shuffling and writing examples to /home/kbuilder/tensorflow_datasets/cats_vs_dogs/4.0.0.incompleteROC0TU/cats_vs_dogs-train.tfrecord
Dataset cats_vs_dogs downloaded and prepared to /home/kbuilder/tensorflow_datasets/cats_vs_dogs/4.0.0. Subsequent calls will reuse this data.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Done calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Done calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-starting with WarmStartSettings: WarmStartSettings(ckpt_to_initialize_from='/tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/keras/keras_model.ckpt', vars_to_warm_start='.*', var_name_to_vocab_info={}, var_name_to_prev_var_name={})

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-starting with WarmStartSettings: WarmStartSettings(ckpt_to_initialize_from='/tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/keras/keras_model.ckpt', vars_to_warm_start='.*', var_name_to_vocab_info={}, var_name_to_prev_var_name={})

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-starting from: /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/keras/keras_model.ckpt

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-starting from: /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/keras/keras_model.ckpt

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-starting variables only in TRAINABLE_VARIABLES.

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-starting variables only in TRAINABLE_VARIABLES.

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-started 158 variables.

INFO:tensorflow:Warm-started 158 variables.

INFO:tensorflow:Create CheckpointSaverHook.

INFO:tensorflow:Create CheckpointSaverHook.

INFO:tensorflow:Graph was finalized.

INFO:tensorflow:Graph was finalized.

INFO:tensorflow:Running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Done running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Done running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 0...

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 0...

INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 0 into /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt.

INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 0 into /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt.

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 0...

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 0...

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6313894, step = 0

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6313894, step = 0

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 21.9808

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 21.9808

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6501163, step = 100 (4.551 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6501163, step = 100 (4.551 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 25.2537

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 25.2537

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6245409, step = 200 (3.959 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6245409, step = 200 (3.959 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 25.3043

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 25.3043

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6280054, step = 300 (3.952 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.6280054, step = 300 (3.952 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 24.8344

INFO:tensorflow:global_step/sec: 24.8344

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.74744487, step = 400 (4.027 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.74744487, step = 400 (4.027 sec)

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 500...

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 500...

INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 500 into /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt.

INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 500 into /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt.

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 500...

INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 500...

INFO:tensorflow:Loss for final step: 0.6483146.

INFO:tensorflow:Loss for final step: 0.6483146.

<tensorflow_estimator.python.estimator.estimator.EstimatorV2 at 0x7f9718531d68>

Similarly, to evaluate, call the Estimator's evaluate function:

est_mobilenet_v2.evaluate(input_fn=lambda: train_input_fn(32), steps=10)

INFO:tensorflow:Calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Done calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Done calling model_fn.

INFO:tensorflow:Starting evaluation at 2020-06-16T23:06:21Z

INFO:tensorflow:Starting evaluation at 2020-06-16T23:06:21Z

INFO:tensorflow:Graph was finalized.

INFO:tensorflow:Graph was finalized.

INFO:tensorflow:Restoring parameters from /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt-500

INFO:tensorflow:Restoring parameters from /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt-500

INFO:tensorflow:Running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Done running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Done running local_init_op.

INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [1/10]

INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [1/10]

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INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [3/10]

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INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [5/10]

INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [5/10]

INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [6/10]

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INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [10/10]

INFO:tensorflow:Evaluation [10/10]

INFO:tensorflow:Inference Time : 1.86312s

INFO:tensorflow:Inference Time : 1.86312s

INFO:tensorflow:Finished evaluation at 2020-06-16-23:06:23

INFO:tensorflow:Finished evaluation at 2020-06-16-23:06:23

INFO:tensorflow:Saving dict for global step 500: accuracy = 0.565625, global_step = 500, loss = 0.6492891

INFO:tensorflow:Saving dict for global step 500: accuracy = 0.565625, global_step = 500, loss = 0.6492891

INFO:tensorflow:Saving 'checkpoint_path' summary for global step 500: /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt-500

INFO:tensorflow:Saving 'checkpoint_path' summary for global step 500: /tmp/tmp7x5a0rgi/model.ckpt-500

{'accuracy': 0.565625, 'loss': 0.6492891, 'global_step': 500}

For more details, please refer to the documentation for tf.keras.estimator.model_to_estimator.