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This notebook trains a sequence to sequence (seq2seq) model for Spanish to English translation. This is an advanced example that assumes some knowledge of sequence to sequence models.
After training the model in this notebook, you will be able to input a Spanish sentence, such as "¿todavia estan en casa?", and return the English translation: "are you still at home?"
The translation quality is reasonable for a toy example, but the generated attention plot is perhaps more interesting. This shows which parts of the input sentence has the model's attention while translating:
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import unicodedata
import re
import numpy as np
import os
import io
import time
Download and prepare the dataset
We'll use a language dataset provided by http://www.manythings.org/anki/. This dataset contains language translation pairs in the format:
May I borrow this book? ¿Puedo tomar prestado este libro?
There are a variety of languages available, but we'll use the English-Spanish dataset. For convenience, we've hosted a copy of this dataset on Google Cloud, but you can also download your own copy. After downloading the dataset, here are the steps we'll take to prepare the data:
- Add a start and end token to each sentence.
- Clean the sentences by removing special characters.
- Create a word index and reverse word index (dictionaries mapping from word → id and id → word).
- Pad each sentence to a maximum length.
# Download the file
path_to_zip = tf.keras.utils.get_file(
'spa-eng.zip', origin='http://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/spa-eng.zip',
extract=True)
path_to_file = os.path.dirname(path_to_zip)+"/spa-eng/spa.txt"
Downloading data from http://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/spa-eng.zip 2646016/2638744 [==============================] - 0s 0us/step
# Converts the unicode file to ascii
def unicode_to_ascii(s):
return ''.join(c for c in unicodedata.normalize('NFD', s)
if unicodedata.category(c) != 'Mn')
def preprocess_sentence(w):
w = unicode_to_ascii(w.lower().strip())
# creating a space between a word and the punctuation following it
# eg: "he is a boy." => "he is a boy ."
# Reference:- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3645931/python-padding-punctuation-with-white-spaces-keeping-punctuation
w = re.sub(r"([?.!,¿])", r" \1 ", w)
w = re.sub(r'[" "]+', " ", w)
# replacing everything with space except (a-z, A-Z, ".", "?", "!", ",")
w = re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z?.!,¿]+", " ", w)
w = w.rstrip().strip()
# adding a start and an end token to the sentence
# so that the model know when to start and stop predicting.
w = '<start> ' + w + ' <end>'
return w
en_sentence = u"May I borrow this book?"
sp_sentence = u"¿Puedo tomar prestado este libro?"
print(preprocess_sentence(en_sentence))
print(preprocess_sentence(sp_sentence).encode('utf-8'))
<start> may i borrow this book ? <end> b'<start> \xc2\xbf puedo tomar prestado este libro ? <end>'
# 1. Remove the accents
# 2. Clean the sentences
# 3. Return word pairs in the format: [ENGLISH, SPANISH]
def create_dataset(path, num_examples):
lines = io.open(path, encoding='UTF-8').read().strip().split('\n')
word_pairs = [[preprocess_sentence(w) for w in l.split('\t')] for l in lines[:num_examples]]
return zip(*word_pairs)
en, sp = create_dataset(path_to_file, None)
print(en[-1])
print(sp[-1])
<start> if you want to sound like a native speaker , you must be willing to practice saying the same sentence over and over in the same way that banjo players practice the same phrase over and over until they can play it correctly and at the desired tempo . <end> <start> si quieres sonar como un hablante nativo , debes estar dispuesto a practicar diciendo la misma frase una y otra vez de la misma manera en que un musico de banjo practica el mismo fraseo una y otra vez hasta que lo puedan tocar correctamente y en el tiempo esperado . <end>
def max_length(tensor):
return max(len(t) for t in tensor)
def tokenize(lang):
lang_tokenizer = tf.keras.preprocessing.text.Tokenizer(
filters='')
lang_tokenizer.fit_on_texts(lang)
tensor = lang_tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(lang)
tensor = tf.keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(tensor,
padding='post')
return tensor, lang_tokenizer
def load_dataset(path, num_examples=None):
# creating cleaned input, output pairs
targ_lang, inp_lang = create_dataset(path, num_examples)
input_tensor, inp_lang_tokenizer = tokenize(inp_lang)
target_tensor, targ_lang_tokenizer = tokenize(targ_lang)
return input_tensor, target_tensor, inp_lang_tokenizer, targ_lang_tokenizer
Limit the size of the dataset to experiment faster (optional)
Training on the complete dataset of >100,000 sentences will take a long time. To train faster, we can limit the size of the dataset to 30,000 sentences (of course, translation quality degrades with less data):
# Try experimenting with the size of that dataset
num_examples = 30000
input_tensor, target_tensor, inp_lang, targ_lang = load_dataset(path_to_file, num_examples)
# Calculate max_length of the target tensors
max_length_targ, max_length_inp = max_length(target_tensor), max_length(input_tensor)
# Creating training and validation sets using an 80-20 split
input_tensor_train, input_tensor_val, target_tensor_train, target_tensor_val = train_test_split(input_tensor, target_tensor, test_size=0.2)
# Show length
print(len(input_tensor_train), len(target_tensor_train), len(input_tensor_val), len(target_tensor_val))
24000 24000 6000 6000
def convert(lang, tensor):
for t in tensor:
if t!=0:
print ("%d ----> %s" % (t, lang.index_word[t]))
print ("Input Language; index to word mapping")
convert(inp_lang, input_tensor_train[0])
print ()
print ("Target Language; index to word mapping")
convert(targ_lang, target_tensor_train[0])
Input Language; index to word mapping 1 ----> <start> 12 ----> me 232 ----> duele 9 ----> el 644 ----> brazo 3 ----> . 2 ----> <end> Target Language; index to word mapping 1 ----> <start> 21 ----> my 613 ----> arm 551 ----> hurts 3 ----> . 2 ----> <end>
Create a tf.data dataset
BUFFER_SIZE = len(input_tensor_train)
BATCH_SIZE = 64
steps_per_epoch = len(input_tensor_train)//BATCH_SIZE
embedding_dim = 256
units = 1024
vocab_inp_size = len(inp_lang.word_index)+1
vocab_tar_size = len(targ_lang.word_index)+1
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((input_tensor_train, target_tensor_train)).shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE)
dataset = dataset.batch(BATCH_SIZE, drop_remainder=True)
example_input_batch, example_target_batch = next(iter(dataset))
example_input_batch.shape, example_target_batch.shape
(TensorShape([64, 16]), TensorShape([64, 11]))
Write the encoder and decoder model
Implement an encoder-decoder model with attention which you can read about in the TensorFlow Neural Machine Translation (seq2seq) tutorial. This example uses a more recent set of APIs. This notebook implements the attention equations from the seq2seq tutorial. The following diagram shows that each input words is assigned a weight by the attention mechanism which is then used by the decoder to predict the next word in the sentence. The below picture and formulas are an example of attention mechanism from Luong's paper.
The input is put through an encoder model which gives us the encoder output of shape (batch_size, max_length, hidden_size) and the encoder hidden state of shape (batch_size, hidden_size).
Here are the equations that are implemented:
This tutorial uses Bahdanau attention for the encoder. Let's decide on notation before writing the simplified form:
- FC = Fully connected (dense) layer
- EO = Encoder output
- H = hidden state
- X = input to the decoder
And the pseudo-code:
score = FC(tanh(FC(EO) + FC(H)))attention weights = softmax(score, axis = 1). Softmax by default is applied on the last axis but here we want to apply it on the 1st axis, since the shape of score is (batch_size, max_length, hidden_size).Max_lengthis the length of our input. Since we are trying to assign a weight to each input, softmax should be applied on that axis.context vector = sum(attention weights * EO, axis = 1). Same reason as above for choosing axis as 1.embedding output= The input to the decoder X is passed through an embedding layer.merged vector = concat(embedding output, context vector)- This merged vector is then given to the GRU
The shapes of all the vectors at each step have been specified in the comments in the code:
class Encoder(tf.keras.Model):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_dim, enc_units, batch_sz):
super(Encoder, self).__init__()
self.batch_sz = batch_sz
self.enc_units = enc_units
self.embedding = tf.keras.layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim)
self.gru = tf.keras.layers.GRU(self.enc_units,
return_sequences=True,
return_state=True,
recurrent_initializer='glorot_uniform')
def call(self, x, hidden):
x = self.embedding(x)
output, state = self.gru(x, initial_state = hidden)
return output, state
def initialize_hidden_state(self):
return tf.zeros((self.batch_sz, self.enc_units))
encoder = Encoder(vocab_inp_size, embedding_dim, units, BATCH_SIZE)
# sample input
sample_hidden = encoder.initialize_hidden_state()
sample_output, sample_hidden = encoder(example_input_batch, sample_hidden)
print ('Encoder output shape: (batch size, sequence length, units) {}'.format(sample_output.shape))
print ('Encoder Hidden state shape: (batch size, units) {}'.format(sample_hidden.shape))
Encoder output shape: (batch size, sequence length, units) (64, 16, 1024) Encoder Hidden state shape: (batch size, units) (64, 1024)
class BahdanauAttention(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units):
super(BahdanauAttention, self).__init__()
self.W1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units)
self.W2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units)
self.V = tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)
def call(self, query, values):
# hidden shape == (batch_size, hidden size)
# hidden_with_time_axis shape == (batch_size, 1, hidden size)
# we are doing this to perform addition to calculate the score
hidden_with_time_axis = tf.expand_dims(query, 1)
# score shape == (batch_size, max_length, 1)
# we get 1 at the last axis because we are applying score to self.V
# the shape of the tensor before applying self.V is (batch_size, max_length, units)
score = self.V(tf.nn.tanh(
self.W1(values) + self.W2(hidden_with_time_axis)))
# attention_weights shape == (batch_size, max_length, 1)
attention_weights = tf.nn.softmax(score, axis=1)
# context_vector shape after sum == (batch_size, hidden_size)
context_vector = attention_weights * values
context_vector = tf.reduce_sum(context_vector, axis=1)
return context_vector, attention_weights
attention_layer = BahdanauAttention(10)
attention_result, attention_weights = attention_layer(sample_hidden, sample_output)
print("Attention result shape: (batch size, units) {}".format(attention_result.shape))
print("Attention weights shape: (batch_size, sequence_length, 1) {}".format(attention_weights.shape))
Attention result shape: (batch size, units) (64, 1024) Attention weights shape: (batch_size, sequence_length, 1) (64, 16, 1)
class Decoder(tf.keras.Model):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_dim, dec_units, batch_sz):
super(Decoder, self).__init__()
self.batch_sz = batch_sz
self.dec_units = dec_units
self.embedding = tf.keras.layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim)
self.gru = tf.keras.layers.GRU(self.dec_units,
return_sequences=True,
return_state=True,
recurrent_initializer='glorot_uniform')
self.fc = tf.keras.layers.Dense(vocab_size)
# used for attention
self.attention = BahdanauAttention(self.dec_units)
def call(self, x, hidden, enc_output):
# enc_output shape == (batch_size, max_length, hidden_size)
context_vector, attention_weights = self.attention(hidden, enc_output)
# x shape after passing through embedding == (batch_size, 1, embedding_dim)
x = self.embedding(x)
# x shape after concatenation == (batch_size, 1, embedding_dim + hidden_size)
x = tf.concat([tf.expand_dims(context_vector, 1), x], axis=-1)
# passing the concatenated vector to the GRU
output, state = self.gru(x)
# output shape == (batch_size * 1, hidden_size)
output = tf.reshape(output, (-1, output.shape[2]))
# output shape == (batch_size, vocab)
x = self.fc(output)
return x, state, attention_weights
decoder = Decoder(vocab_tar_size, embedding_dim, units, BATCH_SIZE)
sample_decoder_output, _, _ = decoder(tf.random.uniform((BATCH_SIZE, 1)),
sample_hidden, sample_output)
print ('Decoder output shape: (batch_size, vocab size) {}'.format(sample_decoder_output.shape))
Decoder output shape: (batch_size, vocab size) (64, 4935)
Define the optimizer and the loss function
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam()
loss_object = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(
from_logits=True, reduction='none')
def loss_function(real, pred):
mask = tf.math.logical_not(tf.math.equal(real, 0))
loss_ = loss_object(real, pred)
mask = tf.cast(mask, dtype=loss_.dtype)
loss_ *= mask
return tf.reduce_mean(loss_)
Checkpoints (Object-based saving)
checkpoint_dir = './training_checkpoints'
checkpoint_prefix = os.path.join(checkpoint_dir, "ckpt")
checkpoint = tf.train.Checkpoint(optimizer=optimizer,
encoder=encoder,
decoder=decoder)
Training
- Pass the input through the encoder which return encoder output and the encoder hidden state.
- The encoder output, encoder hidden state and the decoder input (which is the start token) is passed to the decoder.
- The decoder returns the predictions and the decoder hidden state.
- The decoder hidden state is then passed back into the model and the predictions are used to calculate the loss.
- Use teacher forcing to decide the next input to the decoder.
- Teacher forcing is the technique where the target word is passed as the next input to the decoder.
- The final step is to calculate the gradients and apply it to the optimizer and backpropagate.
@tf.function
def train_step(inp, targ, enc_hidden):
loss = 0
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
enc_output, enc_hidden = encoder(inp, enc_hidden)
dec_hidden = enc_hidden
dec_input = tf.expand_dims([targ_lang.word_index['<start>']] * BATCH_SIZE, 1)
# Teacher forcing - feeding the target as the next input
for t in range(1, targ.shape[1]):
# passing enc_output to the decoder
predictions, dec_hidden, _ = decoder(dec_input, dec_hidden, enc_output)
loss += loss_function(targ[:, t], predictions)
# using teacher forcing
dec_input = tf.expand_dims(targ[:, t], 1)
batch_loss = (loss / int(targ.shape[1]))
variables = encoder.trainable_variables + decoder.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, variables)
optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, variables))
return batch_loss
EPOCHS = 10
for epoch in range(EPOCHS):
start = time.time()
enc_hidden = encoder.initialize_hidden_state()
total_loss = 0
for (batch, (inp, targ)) in enumerate(dataset.take(steps_per_epoch)):
batch_loss = train_step(inp, targ, enc_hidden)
total_loss += batch_loss
if batch % 100 == 0:
print('Epoch {} Batch {} Loss {:.4f}'.format(epoch + 1,
batch,
batch_loss.numpy()))
# saving (checkpoint) the model every 2 epochs
if (epoch + 1) % 2 == 0:
checkpoint.save(file_prefix = checkpoint_prefix)
print('Epoch {} Loss {:.4f}'.format(epoch + 1,
total_loss / steps_per_epoch))
print('Time taken for 1 epoch {} sec\n'.format(time.time() - start))
Epoch 1 Batch 0 Loss 4.5660 Epoch 1 Batch 100 Loss 2.1718 Epoch 1 Batch 200 Loss 1.8068 Epoch 1 Batch 300 Loss 1.6708 Epoch 1 Loss 2.0163 Time taken for 1 epoch 26.63117527961731 sec Epoch 2 Batch 0 Loss 1.5327 Epoch 2 Batch 100 Loss 1.4952 Epoch 2 Batch 200 Loss 1.2592 Epoch 2 Batch 300 Loss 1.2441 Epoch 2 Loss 1.3629 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.648634672164917 sec Epoch 3 Batch 0 Loss 1.2130 Epoch 3 Batch 100 Loss 1.0544 Epoch 3 Batch 200 Loss 0.8962 Epoch 3 Batch 300 Loss 0.8810 Epoch 3 Loss 0.9473 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.271944046020508 sec Epoch 4 Batch 0 Loss 0.6253 Epoch 4 Batch 100 Loss 0.6916 Epoch 4 Batch 200 Loss 0.6733 Epoch 4 Batch 300 Loss 0.6504 Epoch 4 Loss 0.6386 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.564900398254395 sec Epoch 5 Batch 0 Loss 0.4521 Epoch 5 Batch 100 Loss 0.4017 Epoch 5 Batch 200 Loss 0.3624 Epoch 5 Batch 300 Loss 0.4475 Epoch 5 Loss 0.4322 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.272238969802856 sec Epoch 6 Batch 0 Loss 0.2982 Epoch 6 Batch 100 Loss 0.2609 Epoch 6 Batch 200 Loss 0.3089 Epoch 6 Batch 300 Loss 0.2583 Epoch 6 Loss 0.2987 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.556654214859009 sec Epoch 7 Batch 0 Loss 0.2139 Epoch 7 Batch 100 Loss 0.2213 Epoch 7 Batch 200 Loss 0.1933 Epoch 7 Batch 300 Loss 0.2394 Epoch 7 Loss 0.2141 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.23383378982544 sec Epoch 8 Batch 0 Loss 0.1232 Epoch 8 Batch 100 Loss 0.1565 Epoch 8 Batch 200 Loss 0.1201 Epoch 8 Batch 300 Loss 0.1961 Epoch 8 Loss 0.1604 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.483410835266113 sec Epoch 9 Batch 0 Loss 0.1311 Epoch 9 Batch 100 Loss 0.1043 Epoch 9 Batch 200 Loss 0.1175 Epoch 9 Batch 300 Loss 0.1734 Epoch 9 Loss 0.1242 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.270419836044312 sec Epoch 10 Batch 0 Loss 0.1079 Epoch 10 Batch 100 Loss 0.0715 Epoch 10 Batch 200 Loss 0.1141 Epoch 10 Batch 300 Loss 0.1267 Epoch 10 Loss 0.1009 Time taken for 1 epoch 15.481101036071777 sec
Translate
- The evaluate function is similar to the training loop, except we don't use teacher forcing here. The input to the decoder at each time step is its previous predictions along with the hidden state and the encoder output.
- Stop predicting when the model predicts the end token.
- And store the attention weights for every time step.
def evaluate(sentence):
attention_plot = np.zeros((max_length_targ, max_length_inp))
sentence = preprocess_sentence(sentence)
inputs = [inp_lang.word_index[i] for i in sentence.split(' ')]
inputs = tf.keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences([inputs],
maxlen=max_length_inp,
padding='post')
inputs = tf.convert_to_tensor(inputs)
result = ''
hidden = [tf.zeros((1, units))]
enc_out, enc_hidden = encoder(inputs, hidden)
dec_hidden = enc_hidden
dec_input = tf.expand_dims([targ_lang.word_index['<start>']], 0)
for t in range(max_length_targ):
predictions, dec_hidden, attention_weights = decoder(dec_input,
dec_hidden,
enc_out)
# storing the attention weights to plot later on
attention_weights = tf.reshape(attention_weights, (-1, ))
attention_plot[t] = attention_weights.numpy()
predicted_id = tf.argmax(predictions[0]).numpy()
result += targ_lang.index_word[predicted_id] + ' '
if targ_lang.index_word[predicted_id] == '<end>':
return result, sentence, attention_plot
# the predicted ID is fed back into the model
dec_input = tf.expand_dims([predicted_id], 0)
return result, sentence, attention_plot
# function for plotting the attention weights
def plot_attention(attention, sentence, predicted_sentence):
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.matshow(attention, cmap='viridis')
fontdict = {'fontsize': 14}
ax.set_xticklabels([''] + sentence, fontdict=fontdict, rotation=90)
ax.set_yticklabels([''] + predicted_sentence, fontdict=fontdict)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1))
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1))
plt.show()
def translate(sentence):
result, sentence, attention_plot = evaluate(sentence)
print('Input: %s' % (sentence))
print('Predicted translation: {}'.format(result))
attention_plot = attention_plot[:len(result.split(' ')), :len(sentence.split(' '))]
plot_attention(attention_plot, sentence.split(' '), result.split(' '))
Restore the latest checkpoint and test
# restoring the latest checkpoint in checkpoint_dir
checkpoint.restore(tf.train.latest_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir))
<tensorflow.python.training.tracking.util.CheckpointLoadStatus at 0x7fb2117fb908>
translate(u'hace mucho frio aqui.')
Input: <start> hace mucho frio aqui . <end> Predicted translation: it s very cold here . <end>
translate(u'esta es mi vida.')
Input: <start> esta es mi vida . <end> Predicted translation: this is my life . <end>
translate(u'¿todavia estan en casa?')
Input: <start> ¿ todavia estan en casa ? <end> Predicted translation: are you still home ? <end>
# wrong translation
translate(u'trata de averiguarlo.')
Input: <start> trata de averiguarlo . <end> Predicted translation: try to figure it out . <end>
Next steps
- Download a different dataset to experiment with translations, for example, English to German, or English to French.
- Experiment with training on a larger dataset, or using more epochs