Melatih Pengklasifikasi Gambar

Lihat di TensorFlow.org Jalankan di Google Colab Lihat di GitHub Unduh buku catatan Lihat model TF Hub

pengantar

Model klasifikasi citra memiliki jutaan parameter. Melatih mereka dari awal membutuhkan banyak data pelatihan berlabel dan banyak daya komputasi. Pembelajaran transfer adalah teknik yang mempersingkat sebagian besar dari ini dengan mengambil bagian dari model yang telah dilatih pada tugas terkait dan menggunakannya kembali dalam model baru.

Colab ini menunjukkan cara membuat model Keras untuk mengklasifikasikan lima spesies bunga dengan menggunakan TF2 SavedModel yang telah dilatih sebelumnya dari TensorFlow Hub untuk ekstraksi fitur gambar, yang dilatih pada kumpulan data ImageNet yang jauh lebih besar dan lebih umum. Secara opsional, ekstraktor fitur dapat dilatih ("disesuaikan") bersama pengklasifikasi yang baru ditambahkan.

Mencari alat saja?

Ini adalah tutorial pengkodean TensorFlow. Jika Anda ingin alat yang baru saja membangun model TensorFlow atau TFLite untuk, kita lihat di make_image_classifier alat baris perintah yang akan diinstal oleh paket PIP tensorflow-hub[make_image_classifier] , atau ini colab TFLite.

Mempersiapkan

import itertools
import os

import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import numpy as np

import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_hub as hub

print("TF version:", tf.__version__)
print("Hub version:", hub.__version__)
print("GPU is", "available" if tf.config.list_physical_devices('GPU') else "NOT AVAILABLE")
TF version: 2.7.0
Hub version: 0.12.0
GPU is available

Pilih modul TF2 SavedModel untuk digunakan

Sebagai permulaan, gunakan https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_100_224/feature_vector/4 . URL yang sama dapat digunakan dalam kode untuk mengidentifikasi Model Tersimpan dan di browser Anda untuk menunjukkan dokumentasinya. (Perhatikan bahwa model dalam format TF1 Hub tidak akan berfungsi di sini.)

Anda dapat menemukan model TF2 lebih yang menghasilkan vektor fitur citra di sini .

Ada beberapa model yang mungkin untuk dicoba. Yang perlu Anda lakukan adalah memilih yang berbeda pada sel di bawah ini dan menindaklanjuti dengan buku catatan.

model_name = "efficientnetv2-xl-21k" # @param ['efficientnetv2-s', 'efficientnetv2-m', 'efficientnetv2-l', 'efficientnetv2-s-21k', 'efficientnetv2-m-21k', 'efficientnetv2-l-21k', 'efficientnetv2-xl-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b0-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b1-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b2-21k', 'efficientnetv2-b3-21k', 'efficientnetv2-s-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-m-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-l-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-xl-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b0-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b1-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b2-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b3-21k-ft1k', 'efficientnetv2-b0', 'efficientnetv2-b1', 'efficientnetv2-b2', 'efficientnetv2-b3', 'efficientnet_b0', 'efficientnet_b1', 'efficientnet_b2', 'efficientnet_b3', 'efficientnet_b4', 'efficientnet_b5', 'efficientnet_b6', 'efficientnet_b7', 'bit_s-r50x1', 'inception_v3', 'inception_resnet_v2', 'resnet_v1_50', 'resnet_v1_101', 'resnet_v1_152', 'resnet_v2_50', 'resnet_v2_101', 'resnet_v2_152', 'nasnet_large', 'nasnet_mobile', 'pnasnet_large', 'mobilenet_v2_100_224', 'mobilenet_v2_130_224', 'mobilenet_v2_140_224', 'mobilenet_v3_small_100_224', 'mobilenet_v3_small_075_224', 'mobilenet_v3_large_100_224', 'mobilenet_v3_large_075_224']

model_handle_map = {
  "efficientnetv2-s": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_s/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-m": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_m/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-l": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_l/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_s/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_m/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_l/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_xl/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b0/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b1/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b2/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_b3/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_s/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_m/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_l/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_xl/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b0/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b1/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b2/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k-ft1k": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_ft1k_b3/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b0": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b0/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b1": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b1/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b2": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b2/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnetv2-b3": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet1k_b3/feature_vector/2",
  "efficientnet_b0": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b0/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b1": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b1/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b2": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b2/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b3": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b3/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b4": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b4/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b5": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b5/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b6": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b6/feature-vector/1",
  "efficientnet_b7": "https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/efficientnet/b7/feature-vector/1",
  "bit_s-r50x1": "https://tfhub.dev/google/bit/s-r50x1/1",
  "inception_v3": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/inception_v3/feature-vector/4",
  "inception_resnet_v2": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/inception_resnet_v2/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v1_50": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v1_50/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v1_101": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v1_101/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v1_152": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v1_152/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v2_50": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v2_50/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v2_101": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v2_101/feature-vector/4",
  "resnet_v2_152": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/resnet_v2_152/feature-vector/4",
  "nasnet_large": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/nasnet_large/feature_vector/4",
  "nasnet_mobile": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/nasnet_mobile/feature_vector/4",
  "pnasnet_large": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/pnasnet_large/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v2_100_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_100_224/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v2_130_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_130_224/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v2_140_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v2_140_224/feature_vector/4",
  "mobilenet_v3_small_100_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_small_100_224/feature_vector/5",
  "mobilenet_v3_small_075_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_small_075_224/feature_vector/5",
  "mobilenet_v3_large_100_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_large_100_224/feature_vector/5",
  "mobilenet_v3_large_075_224": "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_large_075_224/feature_vector/5",
}

model_image_size_map = {
  "efficientnetv2-s": 384,
  "efficientnetv2-m": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-l": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-b0": 224,
  "efficientnetv2-b1": 240,
  "efficientnetv2-b2": 260,
  "efficientnetv2-b3": 300,
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k": 384,
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k": 512,
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k": 224,
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k": 240,
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k": 260,
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k": 300,
  "efficientnetv2-s-21k-ft1k": 384,
  "efficientnetv2-m-21k-ft1k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-l-21k-ft1k": 480,
  "efficientnetv2-xl-21k-ft1k": 512,
  "efficientnetv2-b0-21k-ft1k": 224,
  "efficientnetv2-b1-21k-ft1k": 240,
  "efficientnetv2-b2-21k-ft1k": 260,
  "efficientnetv2-b3-21k-ft1k": 300, 
  "efficientnet_b0": 224,
  "efficientnet_b1": 240,
  "efficientnet_b2": 260,
  "efficientnet_b3": 300,
  "efficientnet_b4": 380,
  "efficientnet_b5": 456,
  "efficientnet_b6": 528,
  "efficientnet_b7": 600,
  "inception_v3": 299,
  "inception_resnet_v2": 299,
  "nasnet_large": 331,
  "pnasnet_large": 331,
}

model_handle = model_handle_map.get(model_name)
pixels = model_image_size_map.get(model_name, 224)

print(f"Selected model: {model_name} : {model_handle}")

IMAGE_SIZE = (pixels, pixels)
print(f"Input size {IMAGE_SIZE}")

BATCH_SIZE = 16
Selected model: efficientnetv2-xl-21k : https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_xl/feature_vector/2
Input size (512, 512)

Siapkan kumpulan data Bunga

Input disesuaikan ukurannya untuk modul yang dipilih. Augmentasi kumpulan data (yaitu, distorsi acak dari suatu gambar setiap kali dibaca) meningkatkan pelatihan, khususnya. saat fine-tuning.

data_dir = tf.keras.utils.get_file(
    'flower_photos',
    'https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz',
    untar=True)
Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz
228818944/228813984 [==============================] - 1s 0us/step
228827136/228813984 [==============================] - 1s 0us/step

Found 3670 files belonging to 5 classes.
Using 2936 files for training.
Found 3670 files belonging to 5 classes.
Using 734 files for validation.

Mendefinisikan model

Yang dibutuhkan adalah untuk menempatkan classifier linear di atas feature_extractor_layer dengan modul Hub.

Untuk kecepatan, kita mulai dengan non-dilatih feature_extractor_layer , tetapi Anda juga dapat mengaktifkan fine-tuning untuk akurasi yang lebih besar.

do_fine_tuning = False
print("Building model with", model_handle)
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
    # Explicitly define the input shape so the model can be properly
    # loaded by the TFLiteConverter
    tf.keras.layers.InputLayer(input_shape=IMAGE_SIZE + (3,)),
    hub.KerasLayer(model_handle, trainable=do_fine_tuning),
    tf.keras.layers.Dropout(rate=0.2),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(len(class_names),
                          kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.0001))
])
model.build((None,)+IMAGE_SIZE+(3,))
model.summary()
Building model with https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/efficientnet_v2_imagenet21k_xl/feature_vector/2
Model: "sequential_1"
_________________________________________________________________
 Layer (type)                Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
 keras_layer (KerasLayer)    (None, 1280)              207615832 
                                                                 
 dropout (Dropout)           (None, 1280)              0         
                                                                 
 dense (Dense)               (None, 5)                 6405      
                                                                 
=================================================================
Total params: 207,622,237
Trainable params: 6,405
Non-trainable params: 207,615,832
_________________________________________________________________

Melatih model

model.compile(
  optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.005, momentum=0.9), 
  loss=tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True, label_smoothing=0.1),
  metrics=['accuracy'])
steps_per_epoch = train_size // BATCH_SIZE
validation_steps = valid_size // BATCH_SIZE
hist = model.fit(
    train_ds,
    epochs=5, steps_per_epoch=steps_per_epoch,
    validation_data=val_ds,
    validation_steps=validation_steps).history
Epoch 1/5
183/183 [==============================] - 133s 543ms/step - loss: 0.9221 - accuracy: 0.8996 - val_loss: 0.6271 - val_accuracy: 0.9597
Epoch 2/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 514ms/step - loss: 0.6072 - accuracy: 0.9521 - val_loss: 0.5990 - val_accuracy: 0.9528
Epoch 3/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 513ms/step - loss: 0.5590 - accuracy: 0.9671 - val_loss: 0.5362 - val_accuracy: 0.9722
Epoch 4/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 514ms/step - loss: 0.5532 - accuracy: 0.9726 - val_loss: 0.5780 - val_accuracy: 0.9639
Epoch 5/5
183/183 [==============================] - 94s 513ms/step - loss: 0.5618 - accuracy: 0.9699 - val_loss: 0.5468 - val_accuracy: 0.9556
plt.figure()
plt.ylabel("Loss (training and validation)")
plt.xlabel("Training Steps")
plt.ylim([0,2])
plt.plot(hist["loss"])
plt.plot(hist["val_loss"])

plt.figure()
plt.ylabel("Accuracy (training and validation)")
plt.xlabel("Training Steps")
plt.ylim([0,1])
plt.plot(hist["accuracy"])
plt.plot(hist["val_accuracy"])
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f607ad6ad90>]

png

png

Cobalah model pada gambar dari data validasi:

x, y = next(iter(val_ds))
image = x[0, :, :, :]
true_index = np.argmax(y[0])
plt.imshow(image)
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

# Expand the validation image to (1, 224, 224, 3) before predicting the label
prediction_scores = model.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0))
predicted_index = np.argmax(prediction_scores)
print("True label: " + class_names[true_index])
print("Predicted label: " + class_names[predicted_index])

png

True label: sunflowers
Predicted label: sunflowers

Akhirnya, model yang terlatih dapat disimpan untuk diterapkan ke TF Serving atau TFLite (di ponsel) sebagai berikut.

saved_model_path = f"/tmp/saved_flowers_model_{model_name}"
tf.saved_model.save(model, saved_model_path)
2021-11-05 13:09:44.225508: W tensorflow/python/util/util.cc:368] Sets are not currently considered sequences, but this may change in the future, so consider avoiding using them.
WARNING:absl:Found untraced functions such as restored_function_body, restored_function_body, restored_function_body, restored_function_body, restored_function_body while saving (showing 5 of 3985). These functions will not be directly callable after loading.
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: /tmp/saved_flowers_model_efficientnetv2-xl-21k/assets
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: /tmp/saved_flowers_model_efficientnetv2-xl-21k/assets

Opsional: Penerapan ke TensorFlow Lite

TensorFlow Lite memungkinkan Anda menyebarkan model TensorFlow ke perangkat mobile dan IOT. Kode di bawah ini menunjukkan bagaimana mengkonversi model dilatih untuk TFLite dan menerapkan alat-alat pasca-pelatihan dari TensorFlow Model Optimasi Toolkit . Akhirnya, ia menjalankannya di TFLite Interpreter untuk memeriksa kualitas yang dihasilkan

  • Konversi tanpa optimasi memberikan hasil yang sama seperti sebelumnya (hingga kesalahan pembulatan).
  • Konversi dengan pengoptimalan tanpa data apa pun mengkuantisasi bobot model menjadi 8 bit, tetapi inferensi masih menggunakan komputasi floating-point untuk aktivasi jaringan saraf. Ini mengurangi ukuran model hampir sebesar 4 faktor dan meningkatkan latensi CPU pada perangkat seluler.
  • Di atas, perhitungan aktivasi jaringan saraf dapat dikuantisasi ke bilangan bulat 8-bit juga jika kumpulan data referensi kecil disediakan untuk mengkalibrasi rentang kuantisasi. Pada perangkat seluler, ini mempercepat inferensi lebih jauh dan memungkinkan untuk berjalan di akselerator seperti Edge TPU.

Pengaturan pengoptimalan

2021-11-05 13:10:59.372672: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:363] Ignored output_format.
2021-11-05 13:10:59.372728: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:366] Ignored drop_control_dependency.
2021-11-05 13:10:59.372736: W tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/python/tf_tfl_flatbuffer_helpers.cc:372] Ignored change_concat_input_ranges.
WARNING:absl:Buffer deduplication procedure will be skipped when flatbuffer library is not properly loaded
Wrote TFLite model of 826236388 bytes.
interpreter = tf.lite.Interpreter(model_content=lite_model_content)
# This little helper wraps the TFLite Interpreter as a numpy-to-numpy function.
def lite_model(images):
  interpreter.allocate_tensors()
  interpreter.set_tensor(interpreter.get_input_details()[0]['index'], images)
  interpreter.invoke()
  return interpreter.get_tensor(interpreter.get_output_details()[0]['index'])
num_eval_examples = 50 
eval_dataset = ((image, label)  # TFLite expects batch size 1.
                for batch in train_ds
                for (image, label) in zip(*batch))
count = 0
count_lite_tf_agree = 0
count_lite_correct = 0
for image, label in eval_dataset:
  probs_lite = lite_model(image[None, ...])[0]
  probs_tf = model(image[None, ...]).numpy()[0]
  y_lite = np.argmax(probs_lite)
  y_tf = np.argmax(probs_tf)
  y_true = np.argmax(label)
  count +=1
  if y_lite == y_tf: count_lite_tf_agree += 1
  if y_lite == y_true: count_lite_correct += 1
  if count >= num_eval_examples: break
print("TFLite model agrees with original model on %d of %d examples (%g%%)." %
      (count_lite_tf_agree, count, 100.0 * count_lite_tf_agree / count))
print("TFLite model is accurate on %d of %d examples (%g%%)." %
      (count_lite_correct, count, 100.0 * count_lite_correct / count))
TFLite model agrees with original model on 50 of 50 examples (100%).
TFLite model is accurate on 50 of 50 examples (100%).