TensorFlow 2 quickstart for experts

This is a Google Colaboratory notebook file. Python programs are run directly in the browser—a great way to learn and use TensorFlow. To follow this tutorial, run the notebook in Google Colab by clicking the button at the top of this page.

In Colab, connect to a Python runtime: At the top-right of the menu bar, select CONNECT.
Run all the notebook code cells: Select Runtime > Run all.

Download and install TensorFlow 2. Import TensorFlow into your program:

Import TensorFlow into your program:

import tensorflow as tf
print("TensorFlow version:", tf.__version__)

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense, Flatten, Conv2D
from tensorflow.keras import Model

2022-12-14 08:32:49.440254: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2022-12-14 08:32:49.440347: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer_plugin.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer_plugin.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2022-12-14 08:32:49.440356: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Cannot dlopen some TensorRT libraries. If you would like to use Nvidia GPU with TensorRT, please make sure the missing libraries mentioned above are installed properly.
TensorFlow version: 2.11.0

Load and prepare the MNIST dataset.

mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0

# Add a channels dimension
x_train = x_train[..., tf.newaxis].astype("float32")
x_test = x_test[..., tf.newaxis].astype("float32")

Use tf.data to batch and shuffle the dataset:

train_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(
    (x_train, y_train)).shuffle(10000).batch(32)

test_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_test, y_test)).batch(32)

Build the tf.keras model using the Keras model subclassing API:

class MyModel(Model):
  def __init__(self):
    super(MyModel, self).__init__()
    self.conv1 = Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu')
    self.flatten = Flatten()
    self.d1 = Dense(128, activation='relu')
    self.d2 = Dense(10)

  def call(self, x):
    x = self.conv1(x)
    x = self.flatten(x)
    x = self.d1(x)
    return self.d2(x)

# Create an instance of the model
model = MyModel()

Choose an optimizer and loss function for training:

loss_object = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True)

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam()

Select metrics to measure the loss and the accuracy of the model. These metrics accumulate the values over epochs and then print the overall result.

train_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='train_loss')
train_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='train_accuracy')

test_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='test_loss')
test_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='test_accuracy')

Use tf.GradientTape to train the model:

@tf.function
def train_step(images, labels):
  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    # training=True is only needed if there are layers with different
    # behavior during training versus inference (e.g. Dropout).
    predictions = model(images, training=True)
    loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)
  gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)
  optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

  train_loss(loss)
  train_accuracy(labels, predictions)

Test the model:

@tf.function
def test_step(images, labels):
  # training=False is only needed if there are layers with different
  # behavior during training versus inference (e.g. Dropout).
  predictions = model(images, training=False)
  t_loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)

  test_loss(t_loss)
  test_accuracy(labels, predictions)

EPOCHS = 5

for epoch in range(EPOCHS):
  # Reset the metrics at the start of the next epoch
  train_loss.reset_states()
  train_accuracy.reset_states()
  test_loss.reset_states()
  test_accuracy.reset_states()

  for images, labels in train_ds:
    train_step(images, labels)

  for test_images, test_labels in test_ds:
    test_step(test_images, test_labels)

  print(
    f'Epoch {epoch + 1}, '
    f'Loss: {train_loss.result()}, '
    f'Accuracy: {train_accuracy.result() * 100}, '
    f'Test Loss: {test_loss.result()}, '
    f'Test Accuracy: {test_accuracy.result() * 100}'
  )

Epoch 1, Loss: 0.13715781271457672, Accuracy: 95.84500122070312, Test Loss: 0.07461342960596085, Test Accuracy: 97.63999938964844
Epoch 2, Loss: 0.04269365593791008, Accuracy: 98.69166564941406, Test Loss: 0.052690159529447556, Test Accuracy: 98.38999938964844
Epoch 3, Loss: 0.022975947707891464, Accuracy: 99.2699966430664, Test Loss: 0.05649770051240921, Test Accuracy: 98.30999755859375
Epoch 4, Loss: 0.014049260877072811, Accuracy: 99.5050048828125, Test Loss: 0.05870264396071434, Test Accuracy: 98.3499984741211
Epoch 5, Loss: 0.008061996661126614, Accuracy: 99.73833465576172, Test Loss: 0.06271784007549286, Test Accuracy: 98.41999816894531

The image classifier is now trained to ~98% accuracy on this dataset. To learn more, read the TensorFlow tutorials.