Transfer learning with TensorFlow Hub

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TensorFlow Hub is a repository of pre-trained TensorFlow models.

This tutorial demonstrates how to:

  1. Use models from TensorFlow Hub with tf.keras.
  2. Use an image classification model from TensorFlow Hub.
  3. Do simple transfer learning to fine-tune a model for your own image classes.

Setup

import numpy as np
import time

import PIL.Image as Image
import matplotlib.pylab as plt

import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_hub as hub

import datetime

%load_ext tensorboard

An ImageNet classifier

You'll start by using a classifier model pre-trained on the ImageNet benchmark dataset—no initial training required!

Download the classifier

Select a MobileNetV2 pre-trained model from TensorFlow Hub and wrap it as a Keras layer with hub.KerasLayer. Any compatible image classifier model from TensorFlow Hub will work here, including the examples provided in the drop-down below.

mobilenet_v2 ="https://tfhub.dev/google/tf2-preview/mobilenet_v2/classification/4"
inception_v3 = "https://tfhub.dev/google/imagenet/inception_v3/classification/5"

classifier_model = mobilenet_v2

IMAGE_SHAPE = (224, 224)

classifier = tf.keras.Sequential([
    hub.KerasLayer(classifier_model, input_shape=IMAGE_SHAPE+(3,))
])

Run it on a single image

Download a single image to try the model on:

grace_hopper = tf.keras.utils.get_file('image.jpg','https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/grace_hopper.jpg')
grace_hopper = Image.open(grace_hopper).resize(IMAGE_SHAPE)
grace_hopper

grace_hopper = np.array(grace_hopper)/255.0
grace_hopper.shape

Add a batch dimension (with np.newaxis) and pass the image to the model:

result = classifier.predict(grace_hopper[np.newaxis, ...])
result.shape

The result is a 1001-element vector of logits, rating the probability of each class for the image.

The top class ID can be found with tf.math.argmax:

predicted_class = tf.math.argmax(result[0], axis=-1)
predicted_class

Decode the predictions

Take the predicted_class ID (such as 653) and fetch the ImageNet dataset labels to decode the predictions:

labels_path = tf.keras.utils.get_file('ImageNetLabels.txt','https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/ImageNetLabels.txt')
imagenet_labels = np.array(open(labels_path).read().splitlines())

plt.imshow(grace_hopper)
plt.axis('off')
predicted_class_name = imagenet_labels[predicted_class]
_ = plt.title("Prediction: " + predicted_class_name.title())

Simple transfer learning

But what if you want to create a custom classifier using your own dataset that has classes that aren't included in the original ImageNet dataset (that the pre-trained model was trained on)?

To do that, you can:

  1. Select a pre-trained model from TensorFlow Hub; and
  2. Retrain the top (last) layer to recognize the classes from your custom dataset.

Dataset

In this example, you will use the TensorFlow flowers dataset:

import pathlib

data_file = tf.keras.utils.get_file(
  'flower_photos.tgz',
  'https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz',
  cache_dir='.',
   extract=True)

data_root = pathlib.Path(data_file).with_suffix('')

First, load this data into the model using the image data off disk with tf.keras.utils.image_dataset_from_directory, which will generate a tf.data.Dataset:

batch_size = 32
img_height = 224
img_width = 224

train_ds = tf.keras.utils.image_dataset_from_directory(
  str(data_root),
  validation_split=0.2,
  subset="training",
  seed=123,
  image_size=(img_height, img_width),
  batch_size=batch_size
)

val_ds = tf.keras.utils.image_dataset_from_directory(
  str(data_root),
  validation_split=0.2,
  subset="validation",
  seed=123,
  image_size=(img_height, img_width),
  batch_size=batch_size
)

The flowers dataset has five classes:

class_names = np.array(train_ds.class_names)
print(class_names)

Second, because TensorFlow Hub's convention for image models is to expect float inputs in the [0, 1] range, use the tf.keras.layers.Rescaling preprocessing layer to achieve this.

normalization_layer = tf.keras.layers.Rescaling(1./255)
train_ds = train_ds.map(lambda x, y: (normalization_layer(x), y)) # Where x—images, y—labels.
val_ds = val_ds.map(lambda x, y: (normalization_layer(x), y)) # Where x—images, y—labels.

Third, finish the input pipeline by using buffered prefetching with Dataset.prefetch, so you can yield the data from disk without I/O blocking issues.

These are some of the most important tf.data methods you should use when loading data. Interested readers can learn more about them, as well as how to cache data to disk and other techniques, in the Better performance with the tf.data API guide.

AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE
train_ds = train_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds = val_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)

for image_batch, labels_batch in train_ds:
  print(image_batch.shape)
  print(labels_batch.shape)
  break

Run the classifier on a batch of images

Now, run the classifier on an image batch:

result_batch = classifier.predict(train_ds)

predicted_class_names = imagenet_labels[tf.math.argmax(result_batch, axis=-1)]
predicted_class_names

Check how these predictions line up with the images:

plt.figure(figsize=(10,9))
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.5)
for n in range(30):
  plt.subplot(6,5,n+1)
  plt.imshow(image_batch[n])
  plt.title(predicted_class_names[n])
  plt.axis('off')
_ = plt.suptitle("ImageNet predictions")

The results are far from perfect, but reasonable considering that these are not the classes the model was trained for (except for "daisy").

Download the headless model

TensorFlow Hub also distributes models without the top classification layer. These can be used to easily perform transfer learning.

Select a MobileNetV2 pre-trained model from TensorFlow Hub. Any compatible image feature vector model from TensorFlow Hub will work here, including the examples from the drop-down menu.

mobilenet_v2 = "https://tfhub.dev/google/tf2-preview/mobilenet_v2/feature_vector/4"
inception_v3 = "https://tfhub.dev/google/tf2-preview/inception_v3/feature_vector/4"

feature_extractor_model = mobilenet_v2

Create the feature extractor by wrapping the pre-trained model as a Keras layer with hub.KerasLayer. Use the trainable=False argument to freeze the variables, so that the training only modifies the new classifier layer:

feature_extractor_layer = hub.KerasLayer(
    feature_extractor_model,
    input_shape=(224, 224, 3),
    trainable=False)

The feature extractor returns a 1280-long vector for each image (the image batch size remains at 32 in this example):

feature_batch = feature_extractor_layer(image_batch)
print(feature_batch.shape)

Attach a classification head

To complete the model, wrap the feature extractor layer in a tf.keras.Sequential model and add a fully-connected layer for classification:

num_classes = len(class_names)

model = tf.keras.Sequential([
  feature_extractor_layer,
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_classes)
])

model.summary()

predictions = model(image_batch)

predictions.shape

Train the model

Use Model.compile to configure the training process and add a tf.keras.callbacks.TensorBoard callback to create and store logs:

model.compile(
  optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(),
  loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
  metrics=['acc'])

log_dir = "logs/fit/" + datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
tensorboard_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.TensorBoard(
    log_dir=log_dir,
    histogram_freq=1) # Enable histogram computation for every epoch.

Now use the Model.fit method to train the model.

To keep this example short, you'll be training for just 10 epochs. To visualize the training progress in TensorBoard later, create and store logs an a TensorBoard callback.

NUM_EPOCHS = 10

history = model.fit(train_ds,
                    validation_data=val_ds,
                    epochs=NUM_EPOCHS,
                    callbacks=tensorboard_callback)

Start the TensorBoard to view how the metrics change with each epoch and to track other scalar values:

%tensorboard --logdir logs/fit

Check the predictions

Obtain the ordered list of class names from the model predictions:

predicted_batch = model.predict(image_batch)
predicted_id = tf.math.argmax(predicted_batch, axis=-1)
predicted_label_batch = class_names[predicted_id]
print(predicted_label_batch)

Plot the model predictions:

plt.figure(figsize=(10,9))
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.5)

for n in range(30):
  plt.subplot(6,5,n+1)
  plt.imshow(image_batch[n])
  plt.title(predicted_label_batch[n].title())
  plt.axis('off')
_ = plt.suptitle("Model predictions")

Export and reload your model

Now that you've trained the model, export it as a SavedModel for reusing it later.

t = time.time()

export_path = "/tmp/saved_models/{}".format(int(t))
model.save(export_path)

export_path

Confirm that you can reload the SavedModel and that the model is able to output the same results:

reloaded = tf.keras.models.load_model(export_path)

result_batch = model.predict(image_batch)
reloaded_result_batch = reloaded.predict(image_batch)

abs(reloaded_result_batch - result_batch).max()

reloaded_predicted_id = tf.math.argmax(reloaded_result_batch, axis=-1)
reloaded_predicted_label_batch = class_names[reloaded_predicted_id]
print(reloaded_predicted_label_batch)

plt.figure(figsize=(10,9))
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.5)
for n in range(30):
  plt.subplot(6,5,n+1)
  plt.imshow(image_batch[n])
  plt.title(reloaded_predicted_label_batch[n].title())
  plt.axis('off')
_ = plt.suptitle("Model predictions")

Next steps

You can use the SavedModel to load for inference or convert it to a TensorFlow Lite model (for on-device machine learning) or a TensorFlow.js model (for machine learning in JavaScript).

Discover more tutorials to learn how to use pre-trained models from TensorFlow Hub on image, text, audio, and video tasks.