Custom training with tf.distribute.Strategy

This tutorial demonstrates how to use tf.distribute.Strategy with custom training loops. We will train a simple CNN model on the fashion MNIST dataset. The fashion MNIST dataset contains 60000 train images of size 28 x 28 and 10000 test images of size 28 x 28.

We are using custom training loops to train our model because they give us flexibility and a greater control on training. Moreover, it is easier to debug the model and the training loop.

# Import TensorFlow
import tensorflow as tf

# Helper libraries
import numpy as np
import os

print(tf.__version__)

2.4.1

Download the fashion MNIST dataset

fashion_mnist = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist

(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = fashion_mnist.load_data()

# Adding a dimension to the array -> new shape == (28, 28, 1)
# We are doing this because the first layer in our model is a convolutional
# layer and it requires a 4D input (batch_size, height, width, channels).
# batch_size dimension will be added later on.
train_images = train_images[..., None]
test_images = test_images[..., None]

# Getting the images in [0, 1] range.
train_images = train_images / np.float32(255)
test_images = test_images / np.float32(255)

Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/tf-keras-datasets/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
32768/29515 [=================================] - 0s 0us/step
Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/tf-keras-datasets/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
26427392/26421880 [==============================] - 0s 0us/step
Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/tf-keras-datasets/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
8192/5148 [===============================================] - 0s 0us/step
Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/tf-keras-datasets/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
4423680/4422102 [==============================] - 0s 0us/step

Create a strategy to distribute the variables and the graph

How does tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy strategy work?

All the variables and the model graph is replicated on the replicas.
Input is evenly distributed across the replicas.
Each replica calculates the loss and gradients for the input it received.
The gradients are synced across all the replicas by summing them.
After the sync, the same update is made to the copies of the variables on each replica.

# If the list of devices is not specified in the
# `tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy` constructor, it will be auto-detected.
strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy()

INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0',)

print ('Number of devices: {}'.format(strategy.num_replicas_in_sync))

Number of devices: 1

Setup input pipeline

Export the graph and the variables to the platform-agnostic SavedModel format. After your model is saved, you can load it with or without the scope.

BUFFER_SIZE = len(train_images)

BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA = 64
GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE = BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA * strategy.num_replicas_in_sync

EPOCHS = 10

Create the datasets and distribute them:

train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((train_images, train_labels)).shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).batch(GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE) 
test_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((test_images, test_labels)).batch(GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE) 

train_dist_dataset = strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset(train_dataset)
test_dist_dataset = strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset(test_dataset)

Create the model

Create a model using tf.keras.Sequential. You can also use the Model Subclassing API to do this.

def create_model():
  model = tf.keras.Sequential([
      tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu'),
      tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(),
      tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, 3, activation='relu'),
      tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(),
      tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
      tf.keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
      tf.keras.layers.Dense(10)
    ])

  return model

# Create a checkpoint directory to store the checkpoints.
checkpoint_dir = './training_checkpoints'
checkpoint_prefix = os.path.join(checkpoint_dir, "ckpt")

Define the loss function

Normally, on a single machine with 1 GPU/CPU, loss is divided by the number of examples in the batch of input.

So, how should the loss be calculated when using a tf.distribute.Strategy?

For an example, let's say you have 4 GPU's and a batch size of 64. One batch of input is distributed across the replicas (4 GPUs), each replica getting an input of size 16.
The model on each replica does a forward pass with its respective input and calculates the loss. Now, instead of dividing the loss by the number of examples in its respective input (BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA = 16), the loss should be divided by the GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE (64).

Why do this?

This needs to be done because after the gradients are calculated on each replica, they are synced across the replicas by summing them.

How to do this in TensorFlow?

If you're writing a custom training loop, as in this tutorial, you should sum the per example losses and divide the sum by the GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE: scale_loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss) * (1. / GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE) or you can use tf.nn.compute_average_loss which takes the per example loss, optional sample weights, and GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE as arguments and returns the scaled loss.
If you are using regularization losses in your model then you need to scale the loss value by number of replicas. You can do this by using the tf.nn.scale_regularization_loss function.
Using tf.reduce_mean is not recommended. Doing so divides the loss by actual per replica batch size which may vary step to step.
This reduction and scaling is done automatically in keras model.compile and model.fit
If using tf.keras.losses classes (as in the example below), the loss reduction needs to be explicitly specified to be one of NONE or SUM. AUTO and SUM_OVER_BATCH_SIZE are disallowed when used with tf.distribute.Strategy. AUTO is disallowed because the user should explicitly think about what reduction they want to make sure it is correct in the distributed case. SUM_OVER_BATCH_SIZE is disallowed because currently it would only divide by per replica batch size, and leave the dividing by number of replicas to the user, which might be easy to miss. So instead we ask the user do the reduction themselves explicitly.
If labels is multi-dimensional, then average the per_example_loss across the number of elements in each sample. For example, if the shape of predictions is (batch_size, H, W, n_classes) and labels is (batch_size, H, W), you will need to update per_example_loss like: per_example_loss /= tf.cast(tf.reduce_prod(tf.shape(labels)[1:]), tf.float32)

Caution: Verify the shape of your loss. Loss functions in tf.losses/tf.keras.losses typically return the average over the last dimension of the input. The loss classes wrap these functions. Passing reduction=Reduction.NONE when creating an instance of a loss class means "no additional reduction". For categorical losses with an example input shape of [batch, W, H, n_classes] the n_classes dimension is reduced. For pointwise losses like losses.mean_squared_error or losses.binary_crossentropy include a dummy axis so that [batch, W, H, 1] is reduced to [batch, W, H]. Without the dummy axis [batch, W, H] will be incorrectly reduced to [batch, W].

with strategy.scope():
  # Set reduction to `none` so we can do the reduction afterwards and divide by
  # global batch size.
  loss_object = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(
      from_logits=True,
      reduction=tf.keras.losses.Reduction.NONE)
  def compute_loss(labels, predictions):
    per_example_loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)
    return tf.nn.compute_average_loss(per_example_loss, global_batch_size=GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE)

Define the metrics to track loss and accuracy

These metrics track the test loss and training and test accuracy. You can use .result() to get the accumulated statistics at any time.

with strategy.scope():
  test_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='test_loss')

  train_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(
      name='train_accuracy')
  test_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(
      name='test_accuracy')

INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).

Training loop

# model, optimizer, and checkpoint must be created under `strategy.scope`.
with strategy.scope():
  model = create_model()

  optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam()

  checkpoint = tf.train.Checkpoint(optimizer=optimizer, model=model)

def train_step(inputs):
  images, labels = inputs

  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    predictions = model(images, training=True)
    loss = compute_loss(labels, predictions)

  gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)
  optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

  train_accuracy.update_state(labels, predictions)
  return loss 

def test_step(inputs):
  images, labels = inputs

  predictions = model(images, training=False)
  t_loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)

  test_loss.update_state(t_loss)
  test_accuracy.update_state(labels, predictions)

# `run` replicates the provided computation and runs it
# with the distributed input.
@tf.function
def distributed_train_step(dataset_inputs):
  per_replica_losses = strategy.run(train_step, args=(dataset_inputs,))
  return strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_losses,
                         axis=None)

@tf.function
def distributed_test_step(dataset_inputs):
  return strategy.run(test_step, args=(dataset_inputs,))

for epoch in range(EPOCHS):
  # TRAIN LOOP
  total_loss = 0.0
  num_batches = 0
  for x in train_dist_dataset:
    total_loss += distributed_train_step(x)
    num_batches += 1
  train_loss = total_loss / num_batches

  # TEST LOOP
  for x in test_dist_dataset:
    distributed_test_step(x)

  if epoch % 2 == 0:
    checkpoint.save(checkpoint_prefix)

  template = ("Epoch {}, Loss: {}, Accuracy: {}, Test Loss: {}, "
              "Test Accuracy: {}")
  print (template.format(epoch+1, train_loss,
                         train_accuracy.result()*100, test_loss.result(),
                         test_accuracy.result()*100))

  test_loss.reset_states()
  train_accuracy.reset_states()
  test_accuracy.reset_states()

Epoch 1, Loss: 0.5113666653633118, Accuracy: 81.77666473388672, Test Loss: 0.44048795104026794, Test Accuracy: 84.75999450683594
Epoch 2, Loss: 0.34178727865219116, Accuracy: 87.7300033569336, Test Loss: 0.33915770053863525, Test Accuracy: 88.06999969482422
Epoch 3, Loss: 0.2983285188674927, Accuracy: 89.19332885742188, Test Loss: 0.3055931031703949, Test Accuracy: 88.91000366210938
Epoch 4, Loss: 0.2684659957885742, Accuracy: 90.25333404541016, Test Loss: 0.29095324873924255, Test Accuracy: 89.55000305175781
Epoch 5, Loss: 0.24288544058799744, Accuracy: 91.15666961669922, Test Loss: 0.2943626642227173, Test Accuracy: 89.63999938964844
Epoch 6, Loss: 0.2228754460811615, Accuracy: 91.88333129882812, Test Loss: 0.2746399939060211, Test Accuracy: 90.02999877929688
Epoch 7, Loss: 0.2049170583486557, Accuracy: 92.5050048828125, Test Loss: 0.26037952303886414, Test Accuracy: 90.80000305175781
Epoch 8, Loss: 0.1883457750082016, Accuracy: 93.11333465576172, Test Loss: 0.2568276524543762, Test Accuracy: 90.9000015258789
Epoch 9, Loss: 0.17290380597114563, Accuracy: 93.61000061035156, Test Loss: 0.2655820846557617, Test Accuracy: 90.55000305175781
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.15979470312595367, Accuracy: 94.12000274658203, Test Loss: 0.2730286419391632, Test Accuracy: 90.52999877929688

Things to note in the example above:

We are iterating over the train_dist_dataset and test_dist_dataset using a for x in ... construct.
The scaled loss is the return value of the distributed_train_step. This value is aggregated across replicas using the tf.distribute.Strategy.reduce call and then across batches by summing the return value of the tf.distribute.Strategy.reduce calls.
tf.keras.Metrics should be updated inside train_step and test_step that gets executed by tf.distribute.Strategy.run. *tf.distribute.Strategy.run returns results from each local replica in the strategy, and there are multiple ways to consume this result. You can do tf.distribute.Strategy.reduce to get an aggregated value. You can also do tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_local_results to get the list of values contained in the result, one per local replica.

Restore the latest checkpoint and test

A model checkpointed with a tf.distribute.Strategy can be restored with or without a strategy.

eval_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(
      name='eval_accuracy')

new_model = create_model()
new_optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam()

test_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((test_images, test_labels)).batch(GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE)

@tf.function
def eval_step(images, labels):
  predictions = new_model(images, training=False)
  eval_accuracy(labels, predictions)

checkpoint = tf.train.Checkpoint(optimizer=new_optimizer, model=new_model)
checkpoint.restore(tf.train.latest_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir))

for images, labels in test_dataset:
  eval_step(images, labels)

print ('Accuracy after restoring the saved model without strategy: {}'.format(
    eval_accuracy.result()*100))

Accuracy after restoring the saved model without strategy: 90.55000305175781

Alternate ways of iterating over a dataset

Using iterators

If you want to iterate over a given number of steps and not through the entire dataset you can create an iterator using the iter call and explicity call next on the iterator. You can choose to iterate over the dataset both inside and outside the tf.function. Here is a small snippet demonstrating iteration of the dataset outside the tf.function using an iterator.

for _ in range(EPOCHS):
  total_loss = 0.0
  num_batches = 0
  train_iter = iter(train_dist_dataset)

  for _ in range(10):
    total_loss += distributed_train_step(next(train_iter))
    num_batches += 1
  average_train_loss = total_loss / num_batches

  template = ("Epoch {}, Loss: {}, Accuracy: {}")
  print (template.format(epoch+1, average_train_loss, train_accuracy.result()*100))
  train_accuracy.reset_states()

Epoch 10, Loss: 0.13083496689796448, Accuracy: 95.0
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.13865676522254944, Accuracy: 94.375
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.12255267798900604, Accuracy: 95.78125
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.16597780585289001, Accuracy: 94.375
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.1374451071023941, Accuracy: 94.6875
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.11878655105829239, Accuracy: 95.3125
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.1515883207321167, Accuracy: 93.75
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.14494936168193817, Accuracy: 95.46875
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.16899390518665314, Accuracy: 94.375
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.12619170546531677, Accuracy: 95.3125

Iterating inside a tf.function

You can also iterate over the entire input train_dist_dataset inside a tf.function using the for x in ... construct or by creating iterators like we did above. The example below demonstrates wrapping one epoch of training in a tf.function and iterating over train_dist_dataset inside the function.

@tf.function
def distributed_train_epoch(dataset):
  total_loss = 0.0
  num_batches = 0
  for x in dataset:
    per_replica_losses = strategy.run(train_step, args=(x,))
    total_loss += strategy.reduce(
      tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_losses, axis=None)
    num_batches += 1
  return total_loss / tf.cast(num_batches, dtype=tf.float32)

for epoch in range(EPOCHS):
  train_loss = distributed_train_epoch(train_dist_dataset)

  template = ("Epoch {}, Loss: {}, Accuracy: {}")
  print (template.format(epoch+1, train_loss, train_accuracy.result()*100))

  train_accuracy.reset_states()

Epoch 1, Loss: 0.1478981077671051, Accuracy: 94.64833068847656
Epoch 2, Loss: 0.13465435802936554, Accuracy: 95.04833221435547
Epoch 3, Loss: 0.12460654228925705, Accuracy: 95.43000030517578
Epoch 4, Loss: 0.11515416204929352, Accuracy: 95.80000305175781
Epoch 5, Loss: 0.10600292682647705, Accuracy: 96.06999969482422
Epoch 6, Loss: 0.10013402998447418, Accuracy: 96.30500030517578
Epoch 7, Loss: 0.09145957976579666, Accuracy: 96.60833740234375
Epoch 8, Loss: 0.08386243134737015, Accuracy: 96.88999938964844
Epoch 9, Loss: 0.07785602658987045, Accuracy: 97.06500244140625
Epoch 10, Loss: 0.0744374692440033, Accuracy: 97.19166564941406

Tracking training loss across replicas

We do not recommend using tf.metrics.Mean to track the training loss across different replicas, because of the loss scaling computation that is carried out.

For example, if you run a training job with the following characteristics:

Two replicas
Two samples are processed on each replica
Resulting loss values: [2, 3] and [4, 5] on each replica
Global batch size = 4

With loss scaling, you calculate the per-sample value of loss on each replica by adding the loss values, and then dividing by the global batch size. In this case: (2 + 3) / 4 = 1.25 and (4 + 5) / 4 = 2.25.

If you use tf.metrics.Mean to track loss across the two replicas, the result is different. In this example, you end up with a total of 3.50 and count of 2, which results in total/count = 1.75 when result() is called on the metric. Loss calculated with tf.keras.Metrics is scaled by an additional factor that is equal to the number of replicas in sync.

Guide and examples

Here are some examples for using distribution strategy with custom training loops:

Distributed training guide
DenseNet example using MirroredStrategy.
BERT example trained using MirroredStrategy and TPUStrategy. This example is particularly helpful for understanding how to load from a checkpoint and generate periodic checkpoints during distributed training etc.
NCF example trained using MirroredStrategy that can be enabled using the keras_use_ctl flag.
NMT example trained using MirroredStrategy.

More examples listed in the Distribution strategy guide.

Next steps

Try out the new tf.distribute.Strategy API on your models.
Visit the Performance section in the guide to learn more about other strategies and tools you can use to optimize the performance of your TensorFlow models.