TensorFlow 1 version | View source on GitHub |
Normalize and scale inputs or activations. (Ioffe and Szegedy, 2014).
tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization(
axis=-1, momentum=0.99, epsilon=0.001, center=True, scale=True,
beta_initializer='zeros', gamma_initializer='ones',
moving_mean_initializer='zeros', moving_variance_initializer='ones',
beta_regularizer=None, gamma_regularizer=None, beta_constraint=None,
gamma_constraint=None, renorm=False, renorm_clipping=None, renorm_momentum=0.99,
fused=None, trainable=True, virtual_batch_size=None, adjustment=None, name=None,
**kwargs
)
Normalize the activations of the previous layer at each batch, i.e. applies a transformation that maintains the mean activation close to 0 and the activation standard deviation close to 1.
Batch normalization differs from other layers in several key aspects:
1) Adding BatchNormalization with training=True
to a model causes the
result of one example to depend on the contents of all other examples in a
minibatch. Be careful when padding batches or masking examples, as these can
change the minibatch statistics and affect other examples.
2) Updates to the weights (moving statistics) are based on the forward pass of a model rather than the result of gradient computations.
3) When performing inference using a model containing batch normalization, it
is generally (though not always) desirable to use accumulated statistics
rather than mini-batch statistics. This is accomplished by passing
training=False
when calling the model, or using model.predict
.
Arguments | |
---|---|
axis
|
Integer, the axis that should be normalized
(typically the features axis).
For instance, after a Conv2D layer with
data_format="channels_first" ,
set axis=1 in BatchNormalization .
|
momentum
|
Momentum for the moving average. |
epsilon
|
Small float added to variance to avoid dividing by zero. |
center
|
If True, add offset of beta to normalized tensor.
If False, beta is ignored.
|
scale
|
If True, multiply by gamma .
If False, gamma is not used.
When the next layer is linear (also e.g. nn.relu ),
this can be disabled since the scaling
will be done by the next layer.
|
beta_initializer
|
Initializer for the beta weight. |
gamma_initializer
|
Initializer for the gamma weight. |
moving_mean_initializer
|
Initializer for the moving mean. |
moving_variance_initializer
|
Initializer for the moving variance. |
beta_regularizer
|
Optional regularizer for the beta weight. |
gamma_regularizer
|
Optional regularizer for the gamma weight. |
beta_constraint
|
Optional constraint for the beta weight. |
gamma_constraint
|
Optional constraint for the gamma weight. |
renorm
|
Whether to use Batch Renormalization (https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.03275). This adds extra variables during training. The inference is the same for either value of this parameter. |
renorm_clipping
|
A dictionary that may map keys 'rmax', 'rmin', 'dmax' to
scalar Tensors used to clip the renorm correction. The correction
(r, d) is used as corrected_value = normalized_value * r + d , with
r clipped to [rmin, rmax], and d to [-dmax, dmax]. Missing rmax, rmin,
dmax are set to inf, 0, inf, respectively.
|
renorm_momentum
|
Momentum used to update the moving means and standard
deviations with renorm. Unlike momentum , this affects training
and should be neither too small (which would add noise) nor too large
(which would give stale estimates). Note that momentum is still applied
to get the means and variances for inference.
|
fused
|
if True , use a faster, fused implementation, or raise a ValueError
if the fused implementation cannot be used. If None , use the faster
implementation if possible. If False, do not used the fused
implementation.
|
trainable
|
Boolean, if True the variables will be marked as trainable.
|
virtual_batch_size
|
An int . By default, virtual_batch_size is None ,
which means batch normalization is performed across the whole batch. When
virtual_batch_size is not None , instead perform "Ghost Batch
Normalization", which creates virtual sub-batches which are each
normalized separately (with shared gamma, beta, and moving statistics).
Must divide the actual batch size during execution.
|
adjustment
|
A function taking the Tensor containing the (dynamic) shape of
the input tensor and returning a pair (scale, bias) to apply to the
normalized values (before gamma and beta), only during training. For
example, if axis==-1,
adjustment = lambda shape: (
tf.random.uniform(shape[-1:], 0.93, 1.07),
tf.random.uniform(shape[-1:], -0.1, 0.1))
will scale the normalized value by up to 7% up or down, then shift the
result by up to 0.1 (with independent scaling and bias for each feature
but shared across all examples), and finally apply gamma and/or beta. If
None , no adjustment is applied. Cannot be specified if
virtual_batch_size is specified.
|
Call arguments:
inputs
: Input tensor (of any rank).training
: Python boolean indicating whether the layer should behave in training mode or in inference mode.training=True
: The layer will normalize its inputs using the mean and variance of the current batch of inputs.training=False
: The layer will normalize its inputs using the mean and variance of its moving statistics, learned during training.
Input shape:
Arbitrary. Use the keyword argument input_shape
(tuple of integers, does not include the samples axis)
when using this layer as the first layer in a model.
Output shape:
Same shape as input.
About setting layer.trainable = False
on a `BatchNormalization layer:
The meaning of setting layer.trainable = False
is to freeze the layer,
i.e. its internal state will not change during training:
its trainable weights will not be updated
during fit()
or train_on_batch()
, and its state updates will not be run.
Usually, this does not necessarily mean that the layer is run in inference
mode (which is normally controlled by the training
argument that can
be passed when calling a layer). "Frozen state" and "inference mode"
are two separate concepts.
However, in the case of the BatchNormalization
layer, setting
trainable = False
on the layer means that the layer will be
subsequently run in inference mode (meaning that it will use
the moving mean and the moving variance to normalize the current batch,
rather than using the mean and variance of the current batch).
This behavior has been introduced in TensorFlow 2.0, in order
to enable layer.trainable = False
to produce the most commonly
expected behavior in the convnet fine-tuning use case.
Note that:
- This behavior only occurs as of TensorFlow 2.0. In 1.*,
setting
layer.trainable = False
would freeze the layer but would not switch it to inference mode. - Setting
trainable
on an model containing other layers will recursively set thetrainable
value of all inner layers. - If the value of the
trainable
attribute is changed after callingcompile()
on a model, the new value doesn't take effect for this model untilcompile()
is called again.
Normalization equations: Consider the intermediate activations (x) of a mini-batch of size \(m\):
We can compute the mean and variance of the batch
\({\mu_B} = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} {x_i}\)
\({\sigma_B^2} = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} ({x_i} - {\mu_B})^2\)
and then compute a normalized \(x\), including a small factor \({\epsilon}\) for numerical stability.
\(\hat{x_i} = \frac{x_i - \mu_B}{\sqrt{\sigma_B^2 + \epsilon} }\)
And finally \(\hat{x}\) is linearly transformed by \({\gamma}\) and \({\beta}\), which are learned parameters:
\({y_i} = {\gamma * \hat{x_i} + \beta}\)