tf.contrib.layers.GDN

View source on GitHub

Generalized divisive normalization layer.

Inherits From: Layer

tf.contrib.layers.GDN(
    inverse=False, beta_min=1e-06, gamma_init=0.1, reparam_offset=(2 ** -18),
    data_format='channels_last', activity_regularizer=None, trainable=True,
    name=None, **kwargs
)

Based on the papers:

"Density Modeling of Images using a Generalized Normalization Transformation"

Johannes Ballé, Valero Laparra, Eero P. Simoncelli

https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06281

"End-to-end Optimized Image Compression"

Johannes Ballé, Valero Laparra, Eero P. Simoncelli

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01704

Implements an activation function that is essentially a multivariate generalization of a particular sigmoid-type function:

y[i] = x[i] / sqrt(beta[i] + sum_j(gamma[j, i] * x[j]))

where i and j run over channels. This implementation never sums across spatial dimensions. It is similar to local response normalization, but much more flexible, as beta and gamma are trainable parameters.

inverse If False (default), compute GDN response. If True, compute IGDN response (one step of fixed point iteration to invert GDN; the division is replaced by multiplication).
beta_min Lower bound for beta, to prevent numerical error from causing square root of zero or negative values.
gamma_init The gamma matrix will be initialized as the identity matrix multiplied with this value. If set to zero, the layer is effectively initialized to the identity operation, since beta is initialized as one. A good default setting is somewhere between 0 and 0.5.
reparam_offset Offset added to the reparameterization of beta and gamma. The reparameterization of beta and gamma as their square roots lets the training slow down when their values are close to zero, which is desirable as small values in the denominator can lead to a situation where gradient noise on beta/gamma leads to extreme amounts of noise in the GDN activations. However, without the offset, we would get zero gradients if any elements of beta or gamma were exactly zero, and thus the training could get stuck. To prevent this, we add this small constant. The default value was empirically determined as a good starting point. Making it bigger potentially leads to more gradient noise on the activations, making it too small may lead to numerical precision issues.
data_format Format of input tensor. Currently supports 'channels_first' and 'channels_last'.
activity_regularizer Regularizer function for the output.
trainable Boolean, if True, also add variables to the graph collection GraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES (see tf.Variable).
name String, the name of the layer. Layers with the same name will share weights, but to avoid mistakes we require reuse=True in such cases.

Properties:

  • inverse: Boolean, whether GDN is computed (True) or IGDN (False).
  • data_format: Format of input tensor. Currently supports 'channels_first' and 'channels_last'.
  • beta: The beta parameter as defined above (1D Tensor).
  • gamma: The gamma parameter as defined above (2D Tensor).

graph DEPRECATED FUNCTION
scope_name