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# tfp.math.psd_kernels.Parabolic

The Parabolic kernel.

Inherits From: PositiveSemidefiniteKernel

k(x, y) = 3 / 4 * amplitude * max(0, 1 - (||x_k - y_k|| / length_scale**2)


where the double-bars represent vector length (ie, Euclidean, or L2 norm).

When amplitude = 1 and length_scale = 1, this is the Epanechnikov kernel, which is often used for density estimation because of its optimality according to a notion of efficiency as efficiency = sqrt(integral(u**2 k(u) du)) integral(k(u)**2 du). This optimality was first derived in a different context [1], and suggested for use in KDE by Epanechnikov in [2]. This is nicely summarized in [3], adjacent to Fig 3.1. The Epanechnikov kernel integrates to 1 over its support [-1, 1].

#### References

[1] Hodges, Joseph L., and Erich L. Lehmann. "The efficiency of some nonparametric competitors of the $t$-test." The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 27.2 (1956): 324-335. [2] Epanechnikov, Vassiliy A. "Non-parametric estimation of a multivariate probability density." Theory of Probability & Its Applications 14.1 (1969): 153-158. [3] Silverman, Bernard W. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Vol. 26. CRC press, 1986.

amplitude Positive floating point Tensor that controls the maximum value of the kernel. Must be broadcastable with period, length_scale and inputs to apply and matrix methods. A value of None is treated like 1.
length_scale Positive floating point Tensor that controls how sharp or wide the kernel shape is. This provides a characteristic "unit" of length against which |x - y| can be compared for scale. Must be broadcastable with amplitude, period and inputs to apply and matrix methods. A value of None is treated like 1.
feature_ndims Python int number of rightmost dims to include in kernel computation.
validate_args If True, parameters are checked for validity despite possibly degrading runtime performance
name Python str name prefixed to Ops created by this class.

amplitude Amplitude parameter.
batch_shape The batch_shape property of a PositiveSemidefiniteKernel.

This property describes the fully broadcast shape of all kernel parameters. For example, consider an ExponentiatedQuadratic kernel, which is parameterized by an amplitude and length_scale:

exp_quad(x, x') := amplitude * exp(||x - x'||**2 / length_scale**2)


The batch_shape of such a kernel is derived from broadcasting the shapes of amplitude and length_scale. E.g., if their shapes were

amplitude.shape = [2, 1, 1]
length_scale.shape = [1, 4, 3]


then exp_quad's batch_shape would be [2, 4, 3].

Note that this property defers to the private _batch_shape method, which concrete implementation sub-classes are obliged to provide.

dtype DType over which the kernel operates.
feature_ndims The number of feature dimensions.

Kernel functions generally act on pairs of inputs from some space like

R^(d1 x ... x dD)


or, in words: rank-D real-valued tensors of shape [d1, ..., dD]. Inputs can be vectors in some R^N, but are not restricted to be. Indeed, one might consider kernels over matrices, tensors, or even more general spaces, like strings or graphs.

length_scale Length scale parameter.
name Name prepended to all ops created by this class.
name_scope Returns a tf.name_scope instance for this class.
submodules Sequence of all sub-modules.

Submodules are modules which are properties of this module, or found as properties of modules which are properties of this module (and so on).

a = tf.Module()
b = tf.Module()
c = tf.Module()
a.b = b
b.c = c
list(a.submodules) == [b, c]
True
list(b.submodules) == [c]
True
list(c.submodules) == []
True


trainable_variables Sequence of trainable variables owned by this module and its submodules.

validate_args Python bool indicating possibly expensive checks are enabled.
variables Sequence of variables owned by this module and its submodules.

## Methods

### apply

View source

Apply the kernel function pairs of inputs.

Args
x1 Tensor input to the kernel, of shape B1 + E1 + F, where B1 and E1 may be empty (ie, no batch/example dims, resp.) and F (the feature shape) must have rank equal to the kernel's feature_ndims property. Batch shape must broadcast with the batch shape of x2 and with the kernel's batch shape. Example shape must broadcast with example shape of x2. x1 and x2 must have the same number of example dims (ie, same rank).
x2 Tensor input to the kernel, of shape B2 + E2 + F, where B2 and E2 may be empty (ie, no batch/example dims, resp.) and F (the feature shape) must have rank equal to the kernel's feature_ndims property. Batch shape must broadcast with the batch shape of x2 and with the kernel's batch shape. Example shape must broadcast with example shape of x2. x1 and x2 must have the same number of example
example_ndims A python integer, the number of example dims in the inputs. In essence, this parameter controls how broadcasting of the kernel's batch shape with input batch shapes works. The kernel batch shape will be broadcast against everything to the left of the combined example and feature dimensions in the input shapes.
name name to give to the op

Returns
Tensor containing the results of applying the kernel function to inputs x1 and x2. If the kernel parameters' batch shape is Bk then the shape of the Tensor resulting from this method call is broadcast(Bk, B1, B2) + broadcast(E1, E2).

Given an index set S, a kernel function is mathematically defined as a real- or complex-valued function on S satisfying the positive semi-definiteness constraint:

sum_i sum_j (c[i]*) c[j] k(x[i], x[j]) >= 0


for any finite collections {x[1], ..., x[N]} in S and {c[1], ..., c[N]} in the reals (or the complex plane). '*' is the complex conjugate, in the complex case.

This method most closely resembles the function described in the mathematical definition of a kernel. Given a PositiveSemidefiniteKernel k with scalar parameters and inputs x and y in S, apply(x, y) yields a single scalar value.

#### Examples

import tensorflow_probability as tfp

# Suppose SomeKernel acts on vectors (rank-1 tensors)
scalar_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=.5)
scalar_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> []

# x and y are batches of five 3-D vectors:
x = np.ones([5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([5, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.apply(x, y).shape
# ==> [5]


The above output is the result of vectorized computation of the five values

[k(x[0], y[0]), k(x[1], y[1]), ..., k(x[4], y[4])]


Now we can consider a kernel with batched parameters:

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=[.2, .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]
batch_kernel.apply(x, y).shape
# ==> Error! [2] and [5] can't broadcast.


The parameter batch shape of [2] and the input batch shape of [5] can't be broadcast together. We can fix this in either of two ways:

1. Give the parameter a shape of [2, 1] which will correctly broadcast with [5] to yield [2, 5]:
batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(
param=[[.2], [.5]])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2, 1]
batch_kernel.apply(x, y).shape
# ==> [2, 5]

1. By specifying example_ndims, which tells the kernel to treat the 5 in the input shape as part of the "example shape", and "pushing" the kernel batch shape to the left:
batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=[.2, .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]
batch_kernel.apply(x, y, example_ndims=1).shape
# ==> [2, 5]

<h3 id="batch_shape_tensor"><code>batch_shape_tensor</code></h3>

<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/tensorflow/probability/blob/v0.12.2/tensorflow_probability/python/math/psd_kernels/positive_semidefinite_kernel.py#L306-L318">View source</a>

<code>batch_shape_tensor()
</code></pre>

The batch_shape property of a PositiveSemidefiniteKernel as a Tensor.

<!-- Tabular view -->
<table class="responsive fixed orange">
<colgroup><col width="214px"><col></colgroup>
<tr><th colspan="2">Returns</th></tr>
<tr class="alt">
<td colspan="2">
Tensor which evaluates to a vector of integers which are the
fully-broadcast shapes of the kernel parameters.
</td>
</tr>

</table>

<h3 id="matrix"><code>matrix</code></h3>

<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/tensorflow/probability/blob/v0.12.2/tensorflow_probability/python/math/psd_kernels/positive_semidefinite_kernel.py#L506-L671">View source</a>

<code>matrix(
x1, x2, name=&#x27;matrix&#x27;
)
</code></pre>

Construct (batched) matrices from (batches of) collections of inputs.

<!-- Tabular view -->
<table class="responsive fixed orange">
<colgroup><col width="214px"><col></colgroup>
<tr><th colspan="2">Args</th></tr>

<tr>
<td>
x1
</td>
<td>
Tensor input to the first positional parameter of the kernel, of
shape B1 + [e1] + F, where B1 may be empty (ie, no batch dims,
resp.), e1 is a single integer (ie, x1 has example ndims exactly 1),
and F (the feature shape) must have rank equal to the kernel's
feature_ndims property. Batch shape must broadcast with the batch
shape of x2 and with the kernel's batch shape.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>
x2
</td>
<td>
Tensor input to the second positional parameter of the kernel,
shape B2 + [e2] + F, where B2 may be empty (ie, no batch dims,
resp.), e2 is a single integer (ie, x2 has example ndims exactly 1),
and F (the feature shape) must have rank equal to the kernel's
feature_ndims property. Batch shape must broadcast with the batch
shape of x1 and with the kernel's batch shape.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>
name
</td>
<td>
name to give to the op
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<!-- Tabular view -->
<table class="responsive fixed orange">
<colgroup><col width="214px"><col></colgroup>
<tr><th colspan="2">Returns</th></tr>
<tr class="alt">
<td colspan="2">
Tensor containing the matrix (possibly batched) of kernel applications
to pairs from inputs x1 and x2. If the kernel parameters' batch shape
is Bk then the shape of the Tensor resulting from this method call is
broadcast(Bk, B1, B2) + [e1, e2] (note this differs from apply: the
example dimensions are concatenated, whereas in apply the example dims
</td>
</tr>

</table>

Given inputs x1 and x2 of shapes

none
[b1, ..., bB, e1, f1, ..., fF]


and

[c1, ..., cC, e2, f1, ..., fF]


This method computes the batch of e1 x e2 matrices resulting from applying the kernel function to all pairs of inputs from x1 and x2. The shape of the batch of matrices is the result of broadcasting the batch shapes of x1, x2, and the kernel parameters (see examples below). As such, it's required that these shapes all be broadcast compatible. However, the kernel parameter batch shapes need not broadcast against the 'example shapes' (e1 and e2 above).

When the two inputs are the (batches of) identical collections, the resulting matrix is the so-called Gram (or Gramian) matrix (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramian_matrix).

#### Examples

First, consider a kernel with a single scalar parameter.

import tensorflow_probability as tfp

scalar_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=.5)
scalar_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> []

# Our inputs are two lists of 3-D vectors
x = np.ones([5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([4, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> [5, 4]


The result comes from applying the kernel to the entries in x and y pairwise, across all pairs:

  | k(x[0], y[0])    k(x[0], y[1])  ...  k(x[0], y[3]) |
| k(x[1], y[0])    k(x[1], y[1])  ...  k(x[1], y[3]) |
|      ...              ...                 ...      |
| k(x[4], y[0])    k(x[4], y[1])  ...  k(x[4], y[3]) |


Now consider a kernel with batched parameters with the same inputs

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=[1., .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]

batch_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> [2, 5, 4]


This results in a batch of 2 matrices, one computed from the kernel with param = 1. and the other with param = .5.

We also support batching of the inputs. First, let's look at that with the scalar kernel again.

# Batch of 10 lists of 5 vectors of dimension 3
x = np.ones([10, 5, 3], np.float32)

# Batch of 10 lists of 4 vectors of dimension 3
y = np.ones([10, 4, 3], np.float32)

scalar_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> [10, 5, 4]


The result is a batch of 10 matrices built from the batch of 10 lists of input vectors. These batch shapes have to be broadcastable. The following will not work:

x = np.ones([10, 5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([20, 4, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> Error! [10] and [20] can't broadcast.


Now let's consider batches of inputs in conjunction with batches of kernel parameters. We require that the input batch shapes be broadcastable with the kernel parameter batch shapes, otherwise we get an error:

x = np.ones([10, 5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([10, 4, 3], np.float32)

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(params=[1., .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]
batch_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> Error! [2] and [10] can't broadcast.


The fix is to make the kernel parameter shape broadcastable with [10] (or reshape the inputs to be broadcastable!):

x = np.ones([10, 5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([10, 4, 3], np.float32)

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(
params=[[1.], [.5]])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2, 1]
batch_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> [2, 10, 5, 4]

# Or, make the inputs broadcastable:
x = np.ones([10, 1, 5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([10, 1, 4, 3], np.float32)

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(
params=[1., .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]
batch_kernel.matrix(x, y).shape
# ==> [10, 2, 5, 4]


Here, we have the result of applying the kernel, with 2 different parameters, to each of a batch of 10 pairs of input lists.

### tensor

View source

Construct (batched) tensors from (batches of) collections of inputs.

Args
x1 Tensor input to the first positional parameter of the kernel, of shape B1 + E1 + F, where B1 and E1 arbitrary shapes which may be empty (ie, no batch/example dims, resp.), and F (the feature shape) must have rank equal to the kernel's feature_ndims property. Batch shape must broadcast with the batch shape of x2 and with the kernel's batch shape.
x2 Tensor input to the second positional parameter of the kernel, shape B2 + E2 + F, where B2 and E2 arbitrary shapes which may be empty (ie, no batch/example dims, resp.), and F (the feature shape) must have rank equal to the kernel's feature_ndims property. Batch shape must broadcast with the batch shape of x1 and with the kernel's batch shape.
x1_example_ndims A python integer greater than or equal to 0, the number of example dims in the first input. This affects both the alignment of batch shapes and the shape of the final output of the function. Everything left of the feature shape and the example dims in x1 is considered "batch shape", and must broadcast as specified above.
x2_example_ndims A python integer greater than or equal to 0, the number of example dims in the second input. This affects both the alignment of batch shapes and the shape of the final output of the function. Everything left of the feature shape and the example dims in x1 is considered "batch shape", and must broadcast as specified above.
name name to give to the op

Returns
Tensor containing (possibly batched) kernel applications to pairs from inputs x1 and x2. If the kernel parameters' batch shape is Bk then the shape of the Tensor resulting from this method call is broadcast(Bk, B1, B2) + E1 + E2. Note this differs from apply: the example dimensions are concatenated, whereas in apply the example dims are broadcast together. It also differs from matrix: the example shapes are arbitrary here, and the result accrues a rank equal to the sum of the ranks of the input example shapes.

#### Examples

First, consider a kernel with a single scalar parameter.

import tensorflow_probability as tfp

scalar_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=.5)
scalar_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> []

# Our inputs are two rank-2 collections of 3-D vectors
x = np.ones([5, 6, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([7, 8, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=2, x2_example_ndims=2).shape
# ==> [5, 6, 7, 8]

# Empty example shapes work too!
x = np.ones([3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([5, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=0, x2_example_ndims=1).shape
# ==> [5]


The result comes from applying the kernel to the entries in x and y pairwise, across all pairs:

  | k(x[0], y[0])    k(x[0], y[1])  ...  k(x[0], y[3]) |
| k(x[1], y[0])    k(x[1], y[1])  ...  k(x[1], y[3]) |
|      ...              ...                 ...      |
| k(x[4], y[0])    k(x[4], y[1])  ...  k(x[4], y[3]) |


Now consider a kernel with batched parameters.

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(param=[1., .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]

# Inputs are two rank-2 collections of 3-D vectors
x = np.ones([5, 6, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([7, 8, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=2, x2_example_ndims=2).shape
# ==> [2, 5, 6, 7, 8]


We also support batching of the inputs. First, let's look at that with the scalar kernel again.

# Batch of 10 lists of 5x6 collections of dimension 3
x = np.ones([10, 5, 6, 3], np.float32)

# Batch of 10 lists of 7x8 collections of dimension 3
y = np.ones([10, 7, 8, 3], np.float32)

scalar_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=2, x2_example_ndims=2).shape
# ==> [10, 5, 6, 7, 8]


The result is a batch of 10 tensors built from the batch of 10 rank-2 collections of input vectors. The batch shapes have to be broadcastable. The following will not work:

x = np.ones([10, 5, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([20, 4, 3], np.float32)
scalar_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=1, x2_example_ndims=1).shape
# ==> Error! [10] and [20] can't broadcast.


Now let's consider batches of inputs in conjunction with batches of kernel parameters. We require that the input batch shapes be broadcastable with the kernel parameter batch shapes, otherwise we get an error:

x = np.ones([10, 5, 6, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([10, 7, 8, 3], np.float32)

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(params=[1., .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]
batch_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=2, x2_example_ndims=2).shape
# ==> Error! [2] and [10] can't broadcast.


The fix is to make the kernel parameter shape broadcastable with [10] (or reshape the inputs to be broadcastable!):

x = np.ones([10, 5, 6, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([10, 7, 8, 3], np.float32)

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(
params=[[1.], [.5]])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2, 1]
batch_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=2, x2_example_ndims=2).shape
# ==> [2, 10, 5, 6, 7, 8]

# Or, make the inputs broadcastable:
x = np.ones([10, 1, 5, 6, 3], np.float32)
y = np.ones([10, 1, 7, 8, 3], np.float32)

batch_kernel = tfp.math.psd_kernels.SomeKernel(
params=[1., .5])
batch_kernel.batch_shape
# ==> [2]
batch_kernel.tensor(x, y, x1_example_ndims=2, x2_example_ndims=2).shape
# ==> [10, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8]


### with_name_scope

Decorator to automatically enter the module name scope.

class MyModule(tf.Module):
  @tf.Module.with_name_scope
  def __call__(self, x):
    if not hasattr(self, 'w'):
      self.w = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([x.shape[1], 3]))
    return tf.matmul(x, self.w)


Using the above module would produce tf.Variables and tf.Tensors whose names included the module name:

mod = MyModule()
mod(tf.ones([1, 2]))
<tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=..., dtype=float32)>
mod.w
<tf.Variable 'my_module/Variable:0' shape=(2, 3) dtype=float32,
numpy=..., dtype=float32)>


Args
method The method to wrap.

Returns
The original method wrapped such that it enters the module's name scope.

View source

### __mul__`

View source

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